Some additional questions chapter democratic rights

                                                    Additional Questions democratic Rights

Describe the role of Milosevic In massacre happened in Kosovo in April 1999.

Answer

A narrow minded Serb nationalist Milosevic (pronounced Miloshevich ) had won the election. His government was very hostile to the Kosovo Albanians. He wanted the  

Ethnic minorities like Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.

After that a massacre happened to an Albanian families in a town in Kosovo in April 1999.

This was one of the worst instances of killings based on ethnic prejudices in recent times

This massacre was being carried out by the army of their own country.

What is rule of law?

Answer

The Constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws.

It means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law.

Describe the Right to Equality.

Answer

The Constitution says that the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before the law.

The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

 Every citizen shall have access to public places like shops, restaurants, hotels, and cinema halls.

All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any position in the government.

The practice of untouchability has been forbidden in any form.

Elaborate the term Untouchability.

Answer

Untouchability here does not only mean refusal to touch people belonging to certain castes.

It refers to any belief or social practice which looks down upon people on account of their birth with certain caste labels.

Such practice denies them interaction with others or access to public places as equal citizens.

What is Right to Freedom? What types of freedom has provided by Indian Constitution to its citizens?

Answer

Freedom means absence of constraints.

We want to do things in the way we want to do them. Others should not dictate us what we should do.

So, under the Indian Constitution all citizens have,

The right to Freedom of speech and expression.  

Assembly in a peaceful manner.

Form associations and unions.

Move freely throughout the country.

Reside in any part of the country.

Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

Write the provisions of Freedom of speech and expression.

Answer

We may disagree with a policy of government or activities of an association. You are free to criticize the government or the activities of the association.

We have the freedom to think differently and express our views accordingly.

We may publicize your views through a pamphlet, magazine or newspaper or can do it through paintings, poetry or songs.

Citizens have the freedom to hold meetings, processions, rallies and demonstrations on any issue. Discuss.

If people want to discuss a problem, exchange ideas, mobilize public support to a cause, or seek votes for a candidate or party in an election.

People can hold meetings peacefully. They should not lead to public disorder or breach of peace in society.

 Those who participate in these activities and meetings should not carry weapons with them. Citizens also can form associations.

The Constitution says that no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Justify the statement.

Answer

It means that no person can be killed unless the court has ordered a death sentence.

It also means that a government or police officer can arrest or detain any citizen unless he has proper legal justification.

Even when they do, they have to follow some procedures.

The constitution has given some rights to a person who is arrested and detained. Write those rights.

A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for such arrest and detention.  

A person who is arrested and detained shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest.  

Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.

The Constitution specifies the cultural and educational rights of the minorities. Give their details.

Answer

Any section of citizens with a distinct language or culture has a right to conserve it.

Admission to any educational institution maintained by government or receiving government aid cannot be denied to any citizen on the ground of religion or language.  All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

Democratic rights Chapter

                                                            Glossary

  Claim: Demand for legal or moral entitlements a person makes on fellow citizens,    society or the government.

Covenant: Promise made by individuals, groups or countries to uphold a rule or principle. It is legally binding on the signatories to the agreement or statement.

Amnesty International: An international organization of volunteers who campaign for human rights. This organization brings out independent reports on the violation of human rights all over the world.

Dalit: A person who belongs to the castes which were considered low and not touchable by others. Dalits are also known by other names such as the Scheduled Castes, Depressed Classes etc.

Ethnic group: An ethnic group is a human population whose members usually identify with each other on the basis of a common ancestry. People of an ethnic group are united by cultural practices, religious beliefs and historical memories.

Traffic: Selling and buying of men, women or children for immoral purposes.

Summon: An order issued by a court asking a person to appear before it.

Writ: A formal document containing an order of the court to the government issued only by High Court or the Supreme Court.

 There are five kinds of writs namely- Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Prohibition and Quo Warranto

Q1. What are international covenant on Economic, Social and cultural rights?

Answer

right to work: opportunity to everyone to earn livelihood by working. 

right to safe and healthy working conditions, fair wages that can provide decent standard of living for the workers and their families. 

right to adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing.

 right to social security and insurance.

 right to health: medical care during illness, special care for women during childbirth and prevention of epidemics  right to education.

free and compulsory primary education, equal access to higher education.

Q2. The Constitution of South Africa guarantees its citizens several kinds of new rights. Explain these.

Answer

Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched, their phones cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened. 

Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well being. 

Right to have access to adequate housing.

Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one may be refused emergency medical treatment. 

Q3. Describe National Human Right Commission In your own Words.

Answer

This is an independent commission set up by law in 1993. Like judiciary, the Commission is independent of the government. The Commission is appointed by the President and includes retired judges, officers and eminent citizens.

This commission provide the safeguard to citizens to secure their human rights.

The NHRC cannot by itself punish the guilty.   The NHRC is there to make independent and credible inquiry into any case of violation of human rights.

Like any court it can summon witnesses, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any prison for inspection or send its own team for on-the-spot inquiry.

Q4. How the monarchy in Saudi Arabia Curb the rights of their citizens?

Answer

The country is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.  The king selects the legislature as well as the executive.

He appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions. 

Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organizations.

 Media cannot report anything that the monarch does not like.

 There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be Muslim. Non-Muslim residents can follow their religion in private, but not in public. 

Women are subjected to many public restrictions. The testimony of one man is considered equal to that of two women.

Q5. Define Rights.

Answer

Rights are reasonable claims of persons recognized by society and sanctioned by law.

Q6. Why do we needs rights in democracy?

Answer

Rights also perform a very special role in a democracy.

Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority. They ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes.

Rights are guarantees which can be used when things go wrong.

In a democracy every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected to government.

It is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in political activities.

electoral politics

                         Part 1

        Practice Question related to electoral politics

Q1. Why do we need a election? Give detail answer.

Q2. A democratic election can deepen the democracy in country. Justify the statement.

Q3. Political competition is good or bad, give your opinion.

Q4. What is electoral constituency/?

Q5. Why constitution makers reserved some constituencies for SC and ST community? How many constituencies reserved for SC and ST?

Q6. Define ‘Voter List’.

                        Part 2

Q1. How government prepare voter’s list’?

Q2. Define ‘party ticket’.

Q3. Describe the nomination process of candidates who is contesting   election.

Q4. Why educational qualification for candidates is not necessary in India?

Q5. Election campaign is necessary part of election. Explain.

Q6. Different political parties had used some slogans to win election, explain.

java map history forest chp

extra questions cricket

1.   Who  wrote a novel,’ Tom Brown’s Schooldays.’

2.   Cricket is a batsman’s game. Explain.

Ans : a) Cricket is a batsman’s game.

b) its rules were made to favour ‘Gentlemen’, who did most of the batting.

c) The captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman:

 1.      What is Cricket’s connection with a rural past?

Ans:A) The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.

B)The size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins. Cricket was originally played on country commons, so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits.

C)Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.

2. Why Australian cricketer Dennis Lillee was outlawed by the umpires?

Ans: He tried to play an innings with an aluminium bat.

3.      “The organisation of cricket in England reflected the nature of English society.” Expain.

Ans: A) The rich (amateurs) who played it for two reasons. One, they considered sport a kind of leisure. To play for the pleasure of playing and to show an aristocratic value.

   B) different entrances for them and doing bating only showed discrimination in society.

C) The poor who played it for a living were called professionals. The wages of professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money.

D) The social superiority of the amateur was also the reason the captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman, generally Gentlemen.

4. ‘The ‘battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton’. Justify the statement.

Ans; a) Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to schoolboys in its public schools.

b) Team sport like cricket and rugby teaching to  English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.

c) The English ruling class to believe that it was the superior character of its young men, built in boarding schools, playing gentlemanly games like cricket.

5. The cricket became hugely popular in the Caribbean. Why?

Ans; a) Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress.

b) Political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.

c) When the West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement.

6. Why cricket remained a colonial game?

Ans; a) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it a hard game to export.

b) It took root only in countries(South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Kenya) that the British conquered and ruled.

c) By local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters, as in India.
7. What was Pentangular tournament? Why did Gandhiji condemn it? When did it come to an end?
Ans; a) Pentangular tournament was played by five teams – the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised such as the Indian Christians.
b) Gandhiji strongly condemned the Pentangular as a communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population. As it was a colonial tournament, it tied with the Raj.
8.  why it did not become popular in countries of South America?
Ans; a) South American countries were under the influence of American, Spanish and the Portuguese.
 b)  Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game.
c)  The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.
9. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary game of cricket?
Ans; a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue.
b) Television expanded the audience and broadened the cricket into small towns and villages.
c) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television technology.

story of cricket

                     The Story of Cricket

          About 500 years ago, varieties of stick-and-ball games were played in England

    The word ‘bat’ is an old English word which means stick or club Bats were more or less similar to hockey sticks in shape. In those days, the ball was bowled underarm, and a bent end of the bat  provided the best chance to hit the ball

                                 Unique Nature of Cricket

1.      . Most            Lenthy Game:, a typical game of cricket takes a longer time to finish. A Test Match is played for                               five days and it still ends in a draw. A one-day match takes a whole day to finish.

2.                                                The bat is made of willow which was plenty in England. The stumps and bails are also made of                              wood. The ball is made of cork and leather. This is quite different than the tools of most of the                                  modern sports.

3.                                                         While the length of the pitch is specified (22 yards), the size or shape of the ground is not                                        specified. Cricket grounds can be of different shapes and sizes in its early years, cricket was pl                           played on the commons. The size of the commons land was variable and no boundary was present

                       Evolution of Laws of Cricket:

1.                                    first written ‘Laws of Cricket’ were drawn up in 1744. The height of the stumps, length of the                                      bails, weight of the ball and the length of the pitch were mentioned in those laws                         

2.      (                        MCC) was founded in 1787. The MCC published its first revision of the laws in 1788 

3.                                                      underarm bowling were started, also opened the possibilities for spin and swing bowling. Curved bat                     bat was replaced with the straight bats.

4.      The first             six-seam ball was also created in 1780.

5.                                                          The weight of the ball was limited to between 5.5 to 5.75 ounces.

                  

                              Many important changes in cricket occurred during the nineteenth century

• The rule about wide balls was applied.
• Exact circumference of the ball was specified.
• Protective gears; like pad and helmets became available.
• Boundaries (fours and sixes) were introduced.
• Over-arm bowling became legal.

               

Cricket and Victorian England
Amateurs 1.They played for the pleasure of playing and not for money and it was considered  as their an aristocratic values. 2. There were separate entrances to the ground for the Gentlemen. 3.The captain of the team used to be a batsman, i.e. an amateur. 4.It is the batsman who is given the benefit of doubt by the umpire.	Professional  1.The poor people played cricket for a living and were called the professionals or players. 2. Bowling and fielding were done by the Players. 3.The professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money. 4.In the 1930s that a professional became the captain of the English team for the first time; when Len Hutton became the captain.

                               CRICKET IN INDIA

                         Cricket, Race and Religion

                         1. The first recorded instance of cricket being played in India is from 1721 when it was played by English                   sailors in Cambay.

2. Calc                  calutta Cricket Club was the first Indian club which was established in 1792. 

3.                          The Parsis were the first Indian community to ape the western lifestyle and they were the first to                                      establish an Indian cricket club. They founded the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848.    

4. T                   he Hindus and the Muslims also made their own gymkhanas in the 1890s.

Quadrangular Tournament

It was played by four teams, viz. the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims and hence was given then name Quadrangular.

Pentagular Tournament.

The fifth team “The Rest”( the Christians, british) included and Pentangular tournaments started.

 Mahatma Gandhi was critical of such a division on communal lines. To counter this division, a rival tournament called National Cricket Championship was started. This Championship had teams made along regional divisions. This Championship is now known as the Ranji Trophy.

 India played the first Test match in 1932.

               De-colonisation and Sport

The ICC was called the Imperial Cricket Council even many years after the end of the colonial period.

 It was renamed as the International Cricket Conference in 1965. It was still dominated by England and Australia.

The name was changed to International Cricket Council in 1989.

India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa during this period.

 The non-white cricket playing nations could finally force the English cricket authorities to cancel a South African tour in 1970.

The HQ of the ICC was shifted from London to Dubai in August 2005

Some extra questions poverty chapter

1.       Describe how poverty line is estimated in India.

2.       Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.

3.       Why do different countries use different poverty lines?

4.       Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.

5.       Name a few states in India where the poverty ratios are high.

6.       Name the Indian states that have experienced a massive decline in their poverty ratios. And how?

7.       Write a short note on the following.

            a)NREGA,    b)NFWP,  c)PMRY,  d)PMGY

8. What poverty line world bank has set up ?