Socialism

Java map

map of bastar

sample paper forest society chapter

CBSE TEST PAPER-01

Class –IX Social Science (Forest Society and Colonialism)

1.Who were the people who move from one place to the other to herd their sheep, goat and cattle? 1

]2. How much area of forest cover in the world was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and firewood, between the years of 1700 to 1995? [1]

3. How much India’s landmass had been under cultivation in 1600? [1]

4. How much sleepers were required for each mile railway track? [1]

5. Explain any three reasons for the rapid expansion of cultivation during colonial rule. [3]

6. Write some products which we get from the forests. [3]

7.What are the main reasons for rapid disappearance of forests? [3]

8.Why it was necessary to bring more area under cultivation? [3]

9.Who was Richard Harding?[3]

10.on the given out line Map of Indonesia mark and show the following

A. Malaya States, B. Borneo Island, C. Celebes Island [3]

11. How forest products are useful for Tribal people? Explain with examples? [5]

12. The Forest Acts meant severe hardship for villager across the country”. Elaborate the statement with suitable reasons.

Test 2

1.When was the Indian Forest Service set-up?[1]

2.Name the act which was passed in 1865 to save forests. [1]

3.Where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up in 1906? [1]

4.Name the forest act according to which forests was divided into three categories. [1]

5.Elaborate the main features of Lakota Tribe of North America?[3]

6.How did the expansion of railway become a major reason of deforestation?[3]

7. What is scientific forestry? Why was it introduced?[3]

8.Highlight different forest Acts made by Britishers to control the forests? [3]

9. Highlight some local names of shifting agriculture.[3]

10.On the given political map locate and label the following with appropriate symbol. A. Jagdalpur B.Konta C. Bailadiala Hills [3]

11. Summarize the role of any five factors that ledto the decline of the forest cover in the Indian subcontinent during colonial period. [5]

12. Explain any five ways in which the lives of thevillagers were affected by the Forest Acts. [5]

Test 3

1.How many tigers by killed between the years 1875-1925?[1]

2.Name the present state of India in which Bastar located. [1]

3.Name the trees which are useful for building ships and railways? [1]

4.Java was in the possession of which colonial power?[1]

5.Why the Colonial Governments thought that the forests were unproductive? Give reasons. [3]

6.Write about the wood cutters of Java.[3]

7.Elaborate the role played by Samin in the forest movement? [3]

8. What steps have been taken to conserve forests since 1980? [3]

9.How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of shifting cultivators?[3]

10. Two features A and B are marked in the given map of Bastar. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map

A. A place associated with a centre of colonial administration in Bastar

B. A river which flows East to West in Bastar region On the same political map locate and label the following C. Kanger – The forest in which the rebellion against colonial rule started first. [3]

11.Can you write a brief outline of the ideas given by Dietrich Brandis for the management of forests  India? [5]

12. What type of forest products were used by forest people before the implementation of forest law in India?

Test 4

1.Name the country which occupied Indonesia during the Second World War?[1]

2. Who led the forest Movement in Chhotanagpur region against the British?[1]

3. Which river flows through the Bastar region?[1]

4. What is Dand? [1]

5.Why the vast quantities of timber were being exported from India to England?[3]

6. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of

nomadic and pastoral communities? [3]

7. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the firms trading in forest produce? [3]

8. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of plantation owners? [3]

9. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the hobby of hunting of Kings and British officials? [3]10. (a) Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of Indonesia. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map

A. A place where Dutch started Scientific Forestry

B. The island under British Control

(b) On the same political map locate and label the following C. Sumatra Island [3]

11.How did the British exploit the forests resources of India for their economic development? [5]

12.Describe the events that led to the revolt in Bastar against the British.[5]

sa2 sample paper 1

1. What were reserved forests?
.2.  Mention any two regions having tropical evergreen forests.
3. Explain No Confidence Motion.
4. How does Judiciary act as guardian of the Fundamental Rights?
 5. Why is parliamentary democracy in most countries often known as the cabinet form of government?
 6. How is the poverty line estimated periodically? Name an organisation which is responsible for estimating poverty.
7. How does the situation of starvation arise?
 8. Define Green Revolution.
9. Mention any four factors which prompted the Samins to revolt against the Dutch?
10. Mention any three peculiarities of Test Cricket. Or What was the shoe respect case? Why was it opposed by the Indians?
11. 'Cricket in India was organised on the principle of race and religion.' Justify. Or What were the reasons that made women opt for comfortable and simple dresses?
12. 'India is one of the twelve mega diversity country of the world'. Explain.
13. How do human beings influence the ecology of a region? Mention any three points.
14. What are the three main processes of change of population?
15. Mention any three provisions which makes Election Commission an independent body.
16. In what ways does the Lok Sabha exercise more powers than the Rajya Sabha?
17. Mention the provisions of Fundamental Right against exploitation.
 18. 'There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction." Explain.
19. How were the social, cultural and economic factors responsible for the increase in poverty in India?
20. How does PDS ensures food security in India?
 21. What is shifting cultivation? Why did the Europeans decide to ban it?
https://cbse-spot.blogspot.in/2013/02/social-science-sa-2-sample-papers-9-ix.html

forest society

Introduction

Forests also provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, packaging, fruits, flowers, animals, birds and many other things Between 1700 and 1995,the period of industrialization, 13.9 million sq km of forest or 9.3 per cent of the worlds total area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuel wood.

Why Deforestation?

Land to be Improved

First the British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.

Second, in the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be brought under cultivation so that

the land could yield agricultural products and revenue, and enhance the income of the state. between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.

Sleepers on the Tracks.

The spread of railways from the 1850s created demands To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and To lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers.

By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. In 1946, the length of the

tracks had increased to over 765,000 km. in the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 tree were being cut annually for sleepers.

Plantations  

Large areas of natural forests were also given to European planters at cheap rates  cleared to make way for

tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europeís growing need

for these commodities.

The Rise of Commercial Forestry.

British decided to invite a German

expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and made him the first Inspector

General of Forests in India.

Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and

helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. The Imperial Forest

Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they

taught here was called scientific forestry.

What is plantation or scientific forestry?

In scientific forestry, natural forests of different types

of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted

in straight rows. This is called a plantation.

Describe the Indian Forest Act of 1865.

Ans the Forest Act was enacted in 1865.

 it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878 Act divided forests into

three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best

forests were called reserved forests. Villagers could not take anything

from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or

fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.

 Q How are forests are useful for people?

 In forest areas, people use forest products ñ roots, leaves, fruits, and

Tubers for many things.  Fruits and tubers are nutritious to eat, Herbs

are used for medicine, wood for agricultural implements like yokes

and ploughs, bamboo makes excellent fences and is also used to make

baskets and umbrellas.

A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle. Almost everything is available in the forest leaves can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups,

  creeper can be used to make ropes, and the thorny bark of the  semur

(silk-cotton) tree is used to grate vegetables.

Oil for cooking and to light lamps can be pressed from the fruit of the  Mahua tree.

How were the Lives of People Affected?

After the Act, all their everyday practices ñ cutting wood for their  

houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and

fishing became illegal.

People were now forced to steal wood

from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of

the forest guards who would take bribes from them.

Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried.

It was also common for

police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding

free food from them.

How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?

 . European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. The government decided to ban shifting cultivation.  As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some

resisted through large and small rebellions.

Q What are local names of shifting cultivation in world?

It has many local names such as ladingin Southeast Asia, milpa in CentralAmerica, chitemene or tavy in Africa,and chena in Sri Lanka.

 In India, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri are some of the local terms for swidden agriculture.

Who could Hunt?

Hunting was prohibited by the forest laws.

Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching.

The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage

Society. They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British  

would civilise India. They gave rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves

and other large animals on the grounds that they posed a threat to

cultivators. 0ver 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolves

were killed for reward in the period 1875-1925.

The Maharaja of Sarguja alone

shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957.

 A British administrator, George Yule, killed 400 tigers.

New Trades, New Employments and New Services.

Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.

From the medieval period onwards, we have records of adivasi communities trading

elephants and other goods like hides, horns, silk cocoons, ivory, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums and resins through nomadic communities like the Banjaras

In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea

plantations.

Q Which tribes were known as criminal tribes?

Korava, Karachi and Yerukula of the Madras

Presidency lost their livelihoods. Some of them began to be called

criminal tribes.

Q What was devsari, dand or man?

If people from a village want to take some

wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.

A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs.

Forest villages

Some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition

that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and

Transporting trees, and protecting the forest from fires. Subsequently,

these came to be known as forest villages.

history of sport

Introduction

Cricket grew out of the many stick-and-ball games played in England 500 years ago, under a variety of different rules. The word ‘bat’ is an old English word that simply means stick or club.

it was popular enough for its fans to be fined for playing it on Sunday instead of going to church.

The Historical Development of Cricket as a Game in England  

Peculiarities of  cricket

a match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half as much time to complete.

the length of the pitch is specified – 22 yards – but the size or shape of the ground is not. Most other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area.

Reason

cricket gave itself rules and regulations so that it could be played in a uniform and standardised way.

The first written ‘Laws of Cricket’ were drawn up in 1744.

umpires  were choose from gentleman who shall absolutely decide all disputes.

The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 and 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart’. There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches.

The world’s first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.

In 1788 The MCC’s revised  the laws.

One immediate result was the replacement of the curved bat with the straight one.

The weight of the ball was limited to between 5½ to 5¾ ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches.

In 1774, the first leg-before law was published. a third stump became common.

By 1780, three days had become the length of a major match, and

 this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball.

during the nineteenth century (the rule about wide balls was applied, the exact circumference of the ball was specified, protective equipment like pads and gloves became available, boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run.

Cricket’s connection with a rural past

the length of a Test match. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice.

the size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins.

It was played on country commons, unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from one village to another.

Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.

Changes in the Bat

Once it was cut out of a single piece of wood. Now it consists of two pieces, the blade which is made out of the wood of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane that became available as European colonialists and trading companies established themselves in Asia.

influenced by technological change

The invention of vulcanized rubber led to the introduction of pads in 1848 and protective gloves soon afterwards, and the modern game would be unimaginable without helmets made out of metal and synthetic lightweight materials.

Terms.

Patronage – Agreement by wealthy supporter to give financial support for a specific cause.

 Subscription – Collected financial contribution for a specific purpose (such as cricket).

Hierarchy – Organised by rank and status

Cricket and Victorian England.

The rich who could afford to play it for pleasure were called amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called professionals.

Armatures were played for the pleasure of playing and not for money was an aristocratic value.

Two, there was not enough money in the game for the rich to be interested.

Amateurs were called Gentlemen while professionals had to be content with being described as Players. They even entered the ground from different entrances. Amateurs tended to be batsmen.

Cricket is a batsman’s game because its rules were made to favors ‘Gentlemen.

the captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman:

Len Hutton was the first captain from professional.

 The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for careers in the military, the civil service and the church, the three great institutions of imperial England. 

By the beginning of the nineteenth century, men like Thomas Arnold, headmaster of the famous Rugby School and founder of the modern public school system, saw team sport like cricket and rugby not just as outdoor play, but as an organised way of teaching English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.

Sport for girls.

Due to Dorothea Beale, principal of Cheltenham Ladies College from 1858 to 1906, reported to the schools Enquiry Commission in 1864, ‘The vigorous exercise which boys get from cricket, etc., must be supplied in the case of girls by walking and … skipping.’

By the 1890s, school began acquiring playgrounds and allowing girls to play some of the games earlier considered male preserves. But the competition was still discouraged.

The Spread of Cricket.

It took root only in countries that the British conquered and ruled. In these colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers (as in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Kenya) or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters, as in India.

 Indian and Afro-Caribbean population was discouraged from participating in organised club cricket, which remained dominated by white plantation owners and their servants.

In the West Indies, the game became hugely popular. Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress.

Political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.

West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement.

The first black player led the West Indies Test team was in 1960 when Frank Worrell was named captain.

From 1932 a national team was given the right to represent India in a Test match.

Mulattos – People of mixed European and African descent.

Dominion – Self-governing areas under the control of the British crown.

Cricket, Race and Religion.

Cricket in colonial India was organised on the principle of race and religion.

The first Indian club, the Calcutta Cricket Club, was established in 1792 and played by British military men and civil servants in all-white clubs and gymkhanas.

The origins of Indian cricket was found in Bombay by the small community of Zoroastrians, the Parsis.

The first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848 and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias.

The Bombay Gymkhana was a whites club.
A Parsi team beat the Bombay Gymkhana at cricket in 1889.
Applications for establishment of gymkhanas based on religion were more likely to be approved.
The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims.
 It later became the Pentangular when a fifth team was added, namely, the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as the Indian Christians. For example, Vijay Hazare, a Christian, played for the Rest.
Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the Pentangular tournaments. 

The distinguished editor of the newspaper the Bombay Chronicle, S.A. Brelvi, the famous radio commentator A.F.S. Talyarkhan and India’s most respected political figure, and Mahatama Gandhi  said these tournaments communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population.

The Modern Transformation of the ransformation of the ransformation of the Game.
India entered the world of Test cricket in 1932.

natural vegetation

India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world. With about 47,000 plant species India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in India which account for 6 per cent in the world’s total number of flowering plants.

What is Natural vegetation Or Virgin vegetation?

Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as a virgin vegetation.

Huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors.

 Relief which include Land and Soil.

Climate which include Temperature, photoperiod and precipitation.

(a)    land- The nature of land influences the type of vegetation.

                The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture.

                The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands                    develop and give shelter to a variety of wild life.

(b)   Soil-  The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while

Wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation.

The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees.

© Temperature-  fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.

(c)    Photoperiod- The variation in duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day also affected typs of vegetation.

(d)   Precipitation- Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.

Q why forests are important for human beings?

Ans Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of environment.

They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries, provide livelihood for many communities and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation.

It controls wind force and temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wild life.

Ecosystem

All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus, forming an ecosystem. Human beings are also an integral part of the ecosystem.

Q How do the human beings influence the ecology of a region?

Ans They utilize the vegetation and wild life.

The greed of human beings leads to over utilization of these resources.

They cut the trees and kill the animals creating ecological imbalance.

As a result some of the plants and animals have reached the verge of extinction.

Define Biome.

A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is called a biome.

TYPES OF VEGETATION The following major types of vegetation may be identified in our country

(i)                 Tropical Evergreen Forests

(ii)               (ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests

(iii)              (iii) Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs

(iv)             (iv) Montane Forests

(v)               (v) Mangrove Forests.

Tropical Evergreen Forests.

Heavy rainfall (200cm)  areas of the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.

trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above.

There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves. these forests appear green all the year.

 Common trees are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona.

The common animals are elephants, monkey, lemur and deer. The one horned rhinoceros are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal.

Tropical Deciduous Forests.

They are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

  Forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer.

These forests exist, northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.

Teak is the most dominant species of this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun, mulberry are other commercially important species.

practice questions

                                              Practice questions class 9^th

                                                  Social Science

Note : Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.

Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 80 words.

Question numbers 21-26 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 100 words.

1.       What were reserved forests?

2.       Mention any two regions having tropical evergreen forests.

3.       Explain No Confidence Motion.

4.       How does Judiciary act as guardian of the Fundamental Rights?

5.       Why is parliamentary democracy in most countries often known as the cabinet form of government?

6.        How is the poverty line estimated periodically? Name an organisation which is responsible for estimating poverty.

7.        How does the situation of starvation arise?

8.        Define Green Revolution.

9.       Mention any four factors which prompted the Samins to revolt against the Dutch?

10.   Mention any three peculiarities of Test Cricket.

11.   'Cricket in India was organized on the principle of race and religion.' Justify.

12.   'India is one of the twelve mega diversity country of the world'. Explain.

13.   13. How do human beings influence the ecology of a region? Mention any three points.

14.   14. What are the three main processes of change of population?

15.   15. Mention any three provisions which makes Election Commission an independent body.

16.   16. In what ways does the Lok Sabha exercise more powers than the Rajya Sabha?

17.    17. Mention the provisions of Fundamental Right against exploitation.

18.   18. 'There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction." Explain.

19.   19. How were the social, cultural and economic factors responsible for the increase in poverty in India?

20.   20. How does PDS ensures food security in India?

21.    21. What is shifting cultivation? Why did the Europeans decide to ban it?

22.    Critically examine the significance of the victory of West-Indies in the first Test Series against England in 1950.

23.   What are reserved constituencies? Explain the concept of reservation of seats.

24.   24. Write a short note on the National Human Rights Commission.

25.   25. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and retained items.

26.   26. Explain some measures which have been taken by the government to remove poverty.

                   

                                    Practice paper 2 class 9^th

                                           Social Science

Note : Question numbers 1-8 are Multiple Choice Questions. Each question carries one each.

Question numbers 9-20 are three marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 80 words. 

Question numbers 21-26 are five marks questions. Answers of these questions should not exceed 100 words.

1.       Who set up the Indian Forest Service in India?  

2.        Why are the leaves of the Thorn forests small and stems succulent( full of juice)?

3.        State any two powers of the Supreme Court of India.

4.        What do you know about Mandal

5.        Can the houses be dissolved or is it permanent?

6.        What is the concept of social recliž,sžon?

7.        How people affected by natural disasters are food insecure?

8.        What is issue price?

9.         What do you know about Scientific Forestry?

10.   Explain the role played by MCC play in the development of Cricket?

11.   Polo is a bold and grace full sport for military men". Mention any three features of the game Polo.

12.   Why does India have a rich heritage of flora and fauna?

13.    How temperature of an area affects the natural vegetation?

14.   What does the National Population Policy indicate?

15.    What is a Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns?

16.    How the rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister? Explain.

17.    How can citizens exercise their freedom to hold rallies and demonstrations?

18.   How were the income disparities responsible for the increase in poverty in India?

19.    What are the major reasons for the less effectiveness of poverty alleviation programmes?

20.    How are food insecure people disproportionately large in some regions of the country?

21.     How did the British exploit the forests resources of India for their economic development?

22.   What changes were brought by (MCC) Marylebone Cricket Club in cricket laws in the later half of the 18th century?

23.   Explain the role of the Election Commission in free and fair elections.

24.    Why do we need Rights in a democracy?

25.    What are the criticisms faced by PDS in India?

26.    Why does the poverty line vary with time and place?

population notes

                                                           POPULATION*

1. Census.

A census is an official counting of population done periodically.

In India the first census was held in the year 1872. The first complete census, however was taken in the year 1881. Since then censuses have been held regularly every tenth year.

2. POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION.

India’s Population Size and Distribution by Numbers

India’s population as on March 2001 stood at 1,028 million, which account for 16.7 per cent of the world’s population.

People are unevenly distributed over our country’s vast area of 3.28 million square km, which accounts for 2.4 per cent of the world’s area.

Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 166 million (16%) people is the most populous state of India.

Sikkim has a population of just about 0.5 million and Lakshadweep has only 60 thousand people.

Population density of India in the year 2001 was 324 persons per sq km.

904 persons per sq km in West Bengal to only 13 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.

Population densities below 250 persons per square km. Rugged terrain and unfavorable climatic conditions are primarily responsible for sparse population in these areas.

Assam and most of the Peninsular states have moderate population densities.

Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in these areas.

The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

POPULATION GROWTH AND PROCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE

Population Growth

Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time.

Annual growth rate- an increase of persons for every 100 persons in the base population is referred to as the annual growth rate.

Processes of Population Change/Growth

There are three main processes of change of population : birth rates, death rates and migration.

Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year.

Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year.

Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.

Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries).

In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted increase urban population from 17.29 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 27.78 per cent in 2001. There has been a significant increase in the number of ‘million plus cities’ from 23 to 35 in just one decade i.e. 1991 to 2001.

Age Composition.

The age composition of a population refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country.

The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories:

Children (generally below 15 years)- (34.4%) economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.

Working Age (15-59 years) (58.7%) They are economically productive and biologically reproductive.

Aged (Above 59 years) (6.9%) They can be economically productive though they may have retired.

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.

Sex raito in 2001 was  933. Kerala has a sex ratio of 1058 females per 1000 males, Pondicherry has 1001 females for every 1000 males, while Delhi has only 821 females per 1000 males and Haryana has just 861.

Literacy Rates According to the Census of 2001, a person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.

The literacy rate in the country as per the Census of 2001 is 64.84 per cent; 75.26 per cent for males and 53.67 per cent for females.

The current literacy rate of India is 74.04%. Kerala is the most literate state in India, with 93.91% literacy, followed by Lakshadweep at 92.28%. Bihar is the least literate state in India, with a literacy of 63.82%.

Occupational Structure.

Occupations are generally classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Primary-(64%) activities include agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying etc.

Secondary (13%) activities include manufacturing industry, building and construction work etc.

Tertiary (20%) activities include transport, communications, commerce, administration and other services.

Health

Death rates have declined from 25 per 1000 population in 1951 to 8.1 per 1000 in 2001 and life expectancy at birth has increased from 36.7 years in 1951 to 64.6 years in 2001.

Problems- The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and malnutrition afflicts a large percentage of our population.

 Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only one third of the rural population.

Adolescent Population

Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years.

Nutrition requirements of adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult. Poor nutrition can lead to deficiency and stunted growth.

A large number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia.

National Population Policy

 The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age, reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births, achieving universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases, promoting delayed marriage for girls, and making family welfare a people-centered programme.

NPP 2000 and Adolescents

Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and child-bearing, education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex, making contraceptive services accessible and affordable, providing food supplements, nutritional services, strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.