Socialism

Java map

map of bastar

sample paper forest society chapter

CBSE TEST PAPER-01

Class –IX Social Science (Forest Society and Colonialism)

1.Who were the people who move from one place to the other to herd their sheep, goat and cattle? 1

]2. How much area of forest cover in the world was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and firewood, between the years of 1700 to 1995? [1]

3. How much India’s landmass had been under cultivation in 1600? [1]

4. How much sleepers were required for each mile railway track? [1]

5. Explain any three reasons for the rapid expansion of cultivation during colonial rule. [3]

6. Write some products which we get from the forests. [3]

7.What are the main reasons for rapid disappearance of forests? [3]

8.Why it was necessary to bring more area under cultivation? [3]

9.Who was Richard Harding?[3]

10.on the given out line Map of Indonesia mark and show the following

A. Malaya States, B. Borneo Island, C. Celebes Island [3]

11. How forest products are useful for Tribal people? Explain with examples? [5]

12. The Forest Acts meant severe hardship for villager across the country”. Elaborate the statement with suitable reasons.

Test 2

1.When was the Indian Forest Service set-up?[1]

2.Name the act which was passed in 1865 to save forests. [1]

3.Where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up in 1906? [1]

4.Name the forest act according to which forests was divided into three categories. [1]

5.Elaborate the main features of Lakota Tribe of North America?[3]

6.How did the expansion of railway become a major reason of deforestation?[3]

7. What is scientific forestry? Why was it introduced?[3]

8.Highlight different forest Acts made by Britishers to control the forests? [3]

9. Highlight some local names of shifting agriculture.[3]

10.On the given political map locate and label the following with appropriate symbol. A. Jagdalpur B.Konta C. Bailadiala Hills [3]

11. Summarize the role of any five factors that ledto the decline of the forest cover in the Indian subcontinent during colonial period. [5]

12. Explain any five ways in which the lives of thevillagers were affected by the Forest Acts. [5]

Test 3

1.How many tigers by killed between the years 1875-1925?[1]

2.Name the present state of India in which Bastar located. [1]

3.Name the trees which are useful for building ships and railways? [1]

4.Java was in the possession of which colonial power?[1]

5.Why the Colonial Governments thought that the forests were unproductive? Give reasons. [3]

6.Write about the wood cutters of Java.[3]

7.Elaborate the role played by Samin in the forest movement? [3]

8. What steps have been taken to conserve forests since 1980? [3]

9.How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of shifting cultivators?[3]

10. Two features A and B are marked in the given map of Bastar. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map

A. A place associated with a centre of colonial administration in Bastar

B. A river which flows East to West in Bastar region On the same political map locate and label the following C. Kanger – The forest in which the rebellion against colonial rule started first. [3]

11.Can you write a brief outline of the ideas given by Dietrich Brandis for the management of forests  India? [5]

12. What type of forest products were used by forest people before the implementation of forest law in India?

Test 4

1.Name the country which occupied Indonesia during the Second World War?[1]

2. Who led the forest Movement in Chhotanagpur region against the British?[1]

3. Which river flows through the Bastar region?[1]

4. What is Dand? [1]

5.Why the vast quantities of timber were being exported from India to England?[3]

6. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of

nomadic and pastoral communities? [3]

7. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the firms trading in forest produce? [3]

8. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of plantation owners? [3]

9. How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the hobby of hunting of Kings and British officials? [3]10. (a) Two features A and B are marked in the given political map of Indonesia. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map

A. A place where Dutch started Scientific Forestry

B. The island under British Control

(b) On the same political map locate and label the following C. Sumatra Island [3]

11.How did the British exploit the forests resources of India for their economic development? [5]

12.Describe the events that led to the revolt in Bastar against the British.[5]

sa2 sample paper 1

1. What were reserved forests?
.2.  Mention any two regions having tropical evergreen forests.
3. Explain No Confidence Motion.
4. How does Judiciary act as guardian of the Fundamental Rights?
 5. Why is parliamentary democracy in most countries often known as the cabinet form of government?
 6. How is the poverty line estimated periodically? Name an organisation which is responsible for estimating poverty.
7. How does the situation of starvation arise?
 8. Define Green Revolution.
9. Mention any four factors which prompted the Samins to revolt against the Dutch?
10. Mention any three peculiarities of Test Cricket. Or What was the shoe respect case? Why was it opposed by the Indians?
11. 'Cricket in India was organised on the principle of race and religion.' Justify. Or What were the reasons that made women opt for comfortable and simple dresses?
12. 'India is one of the twelve mega diversity country of the world'. Explain.
13. How do human beings influence the ecology of a region? Mention any three points.
14. What are the three main processes of change of population?
15. Mention any three provisions which makes Election Commission an independent body.
16. In what ways does the Lok Sabha exercise more powers than the Rajya Sabha?
17. Mention the provisions of Fundamental Right against exploitation.
 18. 'There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction." Explain.
19. How were the social, cultural and economic factors responsible for the increase in poverty in India?
20. How does PDS ensures food security in India?
 21. What is shifting cultivation? Why did the Europeans decide to ban it?
https://cbse-spot.blogspot.in/2013/02/social-science-sa-2-sample-papers-9-ix.html

forest society

Introduction

Forests also provide bamboo, wood for fuel, grass, charcoal, packaging, fruits, flowers, animals, birds and many other things Between 1700 and 1995,the period of industrialization, 13.9 million sq km of forest or 9.3 per cent of the worlds total area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuel wood.

Why Deforestation?

Land to be Improved

First the British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.

Second, in the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. They were considered to be brought under cultivation so that

the land could yield agricultural products and revenue, and enhance the income of the state. between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.

Sleepers on the Tracks.

The spread of railways from the 1850s created demands To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and To lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers.

By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. In 1946, the length of the

tracks had increased to over 765,000 km. in the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 tree were being cut annually for sleepers.

Plantations  

Large areas of natural forests were also given to European planters at cheap rates  cleared to make way for

tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europeís growing need

for these commodities.

The Rise of Commercial Forestry.

British decided to invite a German

expert, Dietrich Brandis, for advice, and made him the first Inspector

General of Forests in India.

Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and

helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. The Imperial Forest

Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they

taught here was called scientific forestry.

What is plantation or scientific forestry?

In scientific forestry, natural forests of different types

of trees were cut down. In their place, one type of tree was planted

in straight rows. This is called a plantation.

Describe the Indian Forest Act of 1865.

Ans the Forest Act was enacted in 1865.

 it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878 Act divided forests into

three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The best

forests were called reserved forests. Villagers could not take anything

from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or

fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.

 Q How are forests are useful for people?

 In forest areas, people use forest products ñ roots, leaves, fruits, and

Tubers for many things.  Fruits and tubers are nutritious to eat, Herbs

are used for medicine, wood for agricultural implements like yokes

and ploughs, bamboo makes excellent fences and is also used to make

baskets and umbrellas.

A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle. Almost everything is available in the forest leaves can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups,

  creeper can be used to make ropes, and the thorny bark of the  semur

(silk-cotton) tree is used to grate vegetables.

Oil for cooking and to light lamps can be pressed from the fruit of the  Mahua tree.

How were the Lives of People Affected?

After the Act, all their everyday practices ñ cutting wood for their  

houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and

fishing became illegal.

People were now forced to steal wood

from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of

the forest guards who would take bribes from them.

Women who collected fuel wood were especially worried.

It was also common for

police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding

free food from them.

How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?

 . European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests. The government decided to ban shifting cultivation.  As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some

resisted through large and small rebellions.

Q What are local names of shifting cultivation in world?

It has many local names such as ladingin Southeast Asia, milpa in CentralAmerica, chitemene or tavy in Africa,and chena in Sri Lanka.

 In India, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri are some of the local terms for swidden agriculture.

Who could Hunt?

Hunting was prohibited by the forest laws.

Those who were caught hunting were now punished for poaching.

The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage

Society. They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British  

would civilise India. They gave rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves

and other large animals on the grounds that they posed a threat to

cultivators. 0ver 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolves

were killed for reward in the period 1875-1925.

The Maharaja of Sarguja alone

shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957.

 A British administrator, George Yule, killed 400 tigers.

New Trades, New Employments and New Services.

Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.

From the medieval period onwards, we have records of adivasi communities trading

elephants and other goods like hides, horns, silk cocoons, ivory, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums and resins through nomadic communities like the Banjaras

In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea

plantations.

Q Which tribes were known as criminal tribes?

Korava, Karachi and Yerukula of the Madras

Presidency lost their livelihoods. Some of them began to be called

criminal tribes.

Q What was devsari, dand or man?

If people from a village want to take some

wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.

A number of different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. They speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs.

Forest villages

Some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition

that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and

Transporting trees, and protecting the forest from fires. Subsequently,

these came to be known as forest villages.

history of sport

Introduction

Cricket grew out of the many stick-and-ball games played in England 500 years ago, under a variety of different rules. The word ‘bat’ is an old English word that simply means stick or club.

it was popular enough for its fans to be fined for playing it on Sunday instead of going to church.

The Historical Development of Cricket as a Game in England  

Peculiarities of  cricket

a match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half as much time to complete.

the length of the pitch is specified – 22 yards – but the size or shape of the ground is not. Most other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area.

Reason

cricket gave itself rules and regulations so that it could be played in a uniform and standardised way.

The first written ‘Laws of Cricket’ were drawn up in 1744.

umpires  were choose from gentleman who shall absolutely decide all disputes.

The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 and 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart’. There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches.

The world’s first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.

In 1788 The MCC’s revised  the laws.

One immediate result was the replacement of the curved bat with the straight one.

The weight of the ball was limited to between 5½ to 5¾ ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches.

In 1774, the first leg-before law was published. a third stump became common.

By 1780, three days had become the length of a major match, and

 this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball.

during the nineteenth century (the rule about wide balls was applied, the exact circumference of the ball was specified, protective equipment like pads and gloves became available, boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run.

Cricket’s connection with a rural past

the length of a Test match. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice.

the size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins.

It was played on country commons, unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from one village to another.

Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.

Changes in the Bat

Once it was cut out of a single piece of wood. Now it consists of two pieces, the blade which is made out of the wood of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane that became available as European colonialists and trading companies established themselves in Asia.

influenced by technological change

The invention of vulcanized rubber led to the introduction of pads in 1848 and protective gloves soon afterwards, and the modern game would be unimaginable without helmets made out of metal and synthetic lightweight materials.

Terms.

Patronage – Agreement by wealthy supporter to give financial support for a specific cause.

 Subscription – Collected financial contribution for a specific purpose (such as cricket).

Hierarchy – Organised by rank and status

Cricket and Victorian England.

The rich who could afford to play it for pleasure were called amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called professionals.

Armatures were played for the pleasure of playing and not for money was an aristocratic value.

Two, there was not enough money in the game for the rich to be interested.

Amateurs were called Gentlemen while professionals had to be content with being described as Players. They even entered the ground from different entrances. Amateurs tended to be batsmen.

Cricket is a batsman’s game because its rules were made to favors ‘Gentlemen.

the captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman:

Len Hutton was the first captain from professional.

 The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for careers in the military, the civil service and the church, the three great institutions of imperial England. 

By the beginning of the nineteenth century, men like Thomas Arnold, headmaster of the famous Rugby School and founder of the modern public school system, saw team sport like cricket and rugby not just as outdoor play, but as an organised way of teaching English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.

Sport for girls.

Due to Dorothea Beale, principal of Cheltenham Ladies College from 1858 to 1906, reported to the schools Enquiry Commission in 1864, ‘The vigorous exercise which boys get from cricket, etc., must be supplied in the case of girls by walking and … skipping.’

By the 1890s, school began acquiring playgrounds and allowing girls to play some of the games earlier considered male preserves. But the competition was still discouraged.

The Spread of Cricket.

It took root only in countries that the British conquered and ruled. In these colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers (as in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Kenya) or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters, as in India.

 Indian and Afro-Caribbean population was discouraged from participating in organised club cricket, which remained dominated by white plantation owners and their servants.

In the West Indies, the game became hugely popular. Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress.

Political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.

West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement.

The first black player led the West Indies Test team was in 1960 when Frank Worrell was named captain.

From 1932 a national team was given the right to represent India in a Test match.

Mulattos – People of mixed European and African descent.

Dominion – Self-governing areas under the control of the British crown.

Cricket, Race and Religion.

Cricket in colonial India was organised on the principle of race and religion.

The first Indian club, the Calcutta Cricket Club, was established in 1792 and played by British military men and civil servants in all-white clubs and gymkhanas.

The origins of Indian cricket was found in Bombay by the small community of Zoroastrians, the Parsis.

The first Indian cricket club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848 and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias.

The Bombay Gymkhana was a whites club.
A Parsi team beat the Bombay Gymkhana at cricket in 1889.
Applications for establishment of gymkhanas based on religion were more likely to be approved.
The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims.
 It later became the Pentangular when a fifth team was added, namely, the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as the Indian Christians. For example, Vijay Hazare, a Christian, played for the Rest.
Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the Pentangular tournaments. 

The distinguished editor of the newspaper the Bombay Chronicle, S.A. Brelvi, the famous radio commentator A.F.S. Talyarkhan and India’s most respected political figure, and Mahatama Gandhi  said these tournaments communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population.

The Modern Transformation of the ransformation of the ransformation of the Game.
India entered the world of Test cricket in 1932.