java map history forest chp

extra questions cricket

1.   Who  wrote a novel,’ Tom Brown’s Schooldays.’

2.   Cricket is a batsman’s game. Explain.

Ans : a) Cricket is a batsman’s game.

b) its rules were made to favour ‘Gentlemen’, who did most of the batting.

c) The captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman:

 1.      What is Cricket’s connection with a rural past?

Ans:A) The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.

B)The size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins. Cricket was originally played on country commons, so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits.

C)Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.

2. Why Australian cricketer Dennis Lillee was outlawed by the umpires?

Ans: He tried to play an innings with an aluminium bat.

3.      “The organisation of cricket in England reflected the nature of English society.” Expain.

Ans: A) The rich (amateurs) who played it for two reasons. One, they considered sport a kind of leisure. To play for the pleasure of playing and to show an aristocratic value.

   B) different entrances for them and doing bating only showed discrimination in society.

C) The poor who played it for a living were called professionals. The wages of professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money.

D) The social superiority of the amateur was also the reason the captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman, generally Gentlemen.

4. ‘The ‘battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton’. Justify the statement.

Ans; a) Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to schoolboys in its public schools.

b) Team sport like cricket and rugby teaching to  English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.

c) The English ruling class to believe that it was the superior character of its young men, built in boarding schools, playing gentlemanly games like cricket.

5. The cricket became hugely popular in the Caribbean. Why?

Ans; a) Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress.

b) Political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.

c) When the West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement.

6. Why cricket remained a colonial game?

Ans; a) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it a hard game to export.

b) It took root only in countries(South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Kenya) that the British conquered and ruled.

c) By local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters, as in India.
7. What was Pentangular tournament? Why did Gandhiji condemn it? When did it come to an end?
Ans; a) Pentangular tournament was played by five teams – the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised such as the Indian Christians.
b) Gandhiji strongly condemned the Pentangular as a communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population. As it was a colonial tournament, it tied with the Raj.
8.  why it did not become popular in countries of South America?
Ans; a) South American countries were under the influence of American, Spanish and the Portuguese.
 b)  Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game.
c)  The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.
9. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary game of cricket?
Ans; a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue.
b) Television expanded the audience and broadened the cricket into small towns and villages.
c) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television technology.

story of cricket

                     The Story of Cricket

          About 500 years ago, varieties of stick-and-ball games were played in England

    The word ‘bat’ is an old English word which means stick or club Bats were more or less similar to hockey sticks in shape. In those days, the ball was bowled underarm, and a bent end of the bat  provided the best chance to hit the ball

                                 Unique Nature of Cricket

1.      . Most            Lenthy Game:, a typical game of cricket takes a longer time to finish. A Test Match is played for                               five days and it still ends in a draw. A one-day match takes a whole day to finish.

2.                                                The bat is made of willow which was plenty in England. The stumps and bails are also made of                              wood. The ball is made of cork and leather. This is quite different than the tools of most of the                                  modern sports.

3.                                                         While the length of the pitch is specified (22 yards), the size or shape of the ground is not                                        specified. Cricket grounds can be of different shapes and sizes in its early years, cricket was pl                           played on the commons. The size of the commons land was variable and no boundary was present

                       Evolution of Laws of Cricket:

1.                                    first written ‘Laws of Cricket’ were drawn up in 1744. The height of the stumps, length of the                                      bails, weight of the ball and the length of the pitch were mentioned in those laws                         

2.      (                        MCC) was founded in 1787. The MCC published its first revision of the laws in 1788 

3.                                                      underarm bowling were started, also opened the possibilities for spin and swing bowling. Curved bat                     bat was replaced with the straight bats.

4.      The first             six-seam ball was also created in 1780.

5.                                                          The weight of the ball was limited to between 5.5 to 5.75 ounces.

                  

                              Many important changes in cricket occurred during the nineteenth century

• The rule about wide balls was applied.
• Exact circumference of the ball was specified.
• Protective gears; like pad and helmets became available.
• Boundaries (fours and sixes) were introduced.
• Over-arm bowling became legal.

               

Cricket and Victorian England
Amateurs 1.They played for the pleasure of playing and not for money and it was considered  as their an aristocratic values. 2. There were separate entrances to the ground for the Gentlemen. 3.The captain of the team used to be a batsman, i.e. an amateur. 4.It is the batsman who is given the benefit of doubt by the umpire.	Professional  1.The poor people played cricket for a living and were called the professionals or players. 2. Bowling and fielding were done by the Players. 3.The professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money. 4.In the 1930s that a professional became the captain of the English team for the first time; when Len Hutton became the captain.

                               CRICKET IN INDIA

                         Cricket, Race and Religion

                         1. The first recorded instance of cricket being played in India is from 1721 when it was played by English                   sailors in Cambay.

2. Calc                  calutta Cricket Club was the first Indian club which was established in 1792. 

3.                          The Parsis were the first Indian community to ape the western lifestyle and they were the first to                                      establish an Indian cricket club. They founded the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848.    

4. T                   he Hindus and the Muslims also made their own gymkhanas in the 1890s.

Quadrangular Tournament

It was played by four teams, viz. the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims and hence was given then name Quadrangular.

Pentagular Tournament.

The fifth team “The Rest”( the Christians, british) included and Pentangular tournaments started.

 Mahatma Gandhi was critical of such a division on communal lines. To counter this division, a rival tournament called National Cricket Championship was started. This Championship had teams made along regional divisions. This Championship is now known as the Ranji Trophy.

 India played the first Test match in 1932.

               De-colonisation and Sport

The ICC was called the Imperial Cricket Council even many years after the end of the colonial period.

 It was renamed as the International Cricket Conference in 1965. It was still dominated by England and Australia.

The name was changed to International Cricket Council in 1989.

India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa during this period.

 The non-white cricket playing nations could finally force the English cricket authorities to cancel a South African tour in 1970.

The HQ of the ICC was shifted from London to Dubai in August 2005

Some extra questions poverty chapter

1.       Describe how poverty line is estimated in India.

2.       Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.

3.       Why do different countries use different poverty lines?

4.       Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.

5.       Name a few states in India where the poverty ratios are high.

6.       Name the Indian states that have experienced a massive decline in their poverty ratios. And how?

7.       Write a short note on the following.

            a)NREGA,    b)NFWP,  c)PMRY,  d)PMGY

8. What poverty line world bank has set up ?

forms of social exclusion

Causes and forms of social exclusion

Exclusionary processes can have various dimensions:

• Political exclusion can include the denial of citizenship rights such as political participation and the right to organise, and also of personal security, the rule of law, freedom of expression and equality of opportunity. Bhalla and Lapeyre (1997: 420) argue that political exclusion also involves the notion that the state, which grants basic rights and civil liberties, is not a neutral agency but a vehicle of a society’s dominant classes, and may thus discriminate between social groups.
• Economic exclusion includes lack of access to labour markets, credit and other forms of ‘capital assets’.
• Social exclusion may take the form of discrimination along a number of dimensions including gender, ethnicity and age, which reduce the opportunity for such groups to gain access to social services and limits their participation in the labour market.
• Cultural exclusion refers to the extent to which diverse values, norms and ways of living are accepted and respected.

These relationships are interconnected and overlapping, and given the complexity of influences on individuals, it is impossible to identify a single specific cause in the context of social exclusion. People may be excluded because of deliberate action on the part of others (e.g. discrimination by employers); as a result of processes in society which do not involve deliberate action; or even by choice. However, more generally, the causes of social exclusion that lead to poverty, suffering and sometimes death can be attributed to the operations of unequal power relations.

poverty questions

What is social exclusion?
Social exclusion is the process in which individual of people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration within that particular group^[2] (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation, and due process).

9th civics questions

                                             ** Extra questions**

                                       ELECTORAL POLITICS

Ques. 1 What makes an election democratic?

Ans. 1 The conditions of a democratic election are:

1. Everyone should be able to choose. This means that every one should have one vote and every vote should have one value.

2. There should be something to choose from .Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.-- Multiparty system.

3. The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few years.

4. The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.

5. The elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.

6. There should be an independent Election Comission in the country.

7. Just before elections any party or minister must not take any important decision,must not make any big promise to the people.

Ques. 2. Why do we need elections?

Ans. 2 In a democracy it is not possible for everyone to sit together everyday  and take all the decisions,so the people choose representatives. Also there is no other democratic way of selecting representatives except elections. Therefore we need to conduct elections in democracies. In an election the voters can:

1. Choose who will make laws for them.

 2. Choose who will form the government and take major decisions.

3. Choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making. Through elections, people can also remove leaders who do not work for them.

Ques. 3 What is an election?

And. 3 The mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so to is called an election.

Ques. 4 What unfair practices are used in elections?

 Ans. 4 Some unfair practices used in elections are:

1. Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters list.

2. Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party.

3. Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.

4. Intimidation of voters and rigging on the polling day.

 Ques. 5 What are the demerits of political competition?

Ans. The demerits of political competition are:

 1. It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.

 2. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.

3. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win election.

 4. The pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long term policies to be formulated.

5. Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

 Ques 6 What is the difference between a reserved and an electoral constituency?

Ans.  The country is divided into different areas for purpose of

· elections known as electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative.  Reserved constituencies are reserved for people who belong to

· the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In a SC reserved constituency only someone who belongs to the Scheduled castes can stand for election.

Ques. 7 What are the challenges to free and fair elections?

Ans. There are many limitations and challenges to Indian elections These include:

 1. Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over small parties and independent candidates.

2. In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.

 3. Some families tend to dominate political parties, tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.

4. Very often elections offer little choices to ordinary citizens,for both the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and practice.

5. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties

. Ques. 8 Explain the following terms:

(a) Rigging

Ans. Fraud malpractices indulged by a party or candidate to increase its votes is called Rigging. It includes stuffing ballot boxes by a few persons using the votes of others, recording multiple votes by the same person; and bringing or coercing polling officers to favour a candidate.

(b) Turnout

Ans. Turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.

© EPIC

 Ans. The government has introduced an Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) and tried to give this card to every person on the voters list. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote, so that no one can vote for someone else but the card it not yet compulsory for voting.

 (d) Ticket

Ans. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support for contesting elections. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’.

(e) Security Deposit

Ans. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money called Security deposit. (f) EVM Ans. Electronic Voting Machines

 (EVM) are used to record votes nowadays. The machine shows the names of the candidates and party symbols. Independent candidates too have their own symbols, allotted by election officials. All the voter has to do is to press the button against the name of the candidate she wants to give her vote.

 Ques. 9 Why do the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich?.

Ans. The poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich because they want laws to be made to improve their conditions

.They are hopeful that their representatives will do something for them.

Ques. 10 Mention a few successful slogans by different political parties in different elections.

Ans. 1. “Garibi Hatao” (Remove poverty) was used by the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi in the Lok Sabha elections in 1971.

2. “Save Democracy “was given by the Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha elections held in 1977.

3. “Land to the Tiller” was used by the Left Front in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977.

 4. “Protect the Self- Respect of the Telugus” was the slogan used by N.T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

Ques. 11 Explain the Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns.

Ans. 11 A set of norms and guide lines to be followed by political parties and contesting candidates during election time. According to this no party or candidate can.-

 1. Use any place of worship for election propaganda.

 2. Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections. 3. Once elections are annoucned, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

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