D. Give short answers (in 20-40
words) for the following queations.
1. What has Babur describe in
Tuzuk-i-Bahuri?
In Tuzuk-i-Baburi, Babur has
describe the physical features, climate, animals, birds, flowers, fruits and
the life of the peoples, and the places he visited. He has also written about
his life in detail.
2. List two problems that Humayun
faced when he ascended the throne.
After ascending the throne,
Humayun faced the following difficulties.
·
There was no proper
system of administration.
·
His brothers were
not happy with their share of territories and were protesting.
·
There was threat of
invasion from the Rajputs, from Bahadur Shah of Gujrat, and from sher Shah, the
ruler of the Afghans.
3. How did Sher Shah encourage
trade?
Sher Shah encouraged trade by
adopting the following measures-
1. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin called the
‘rupia’.
2. He reduced custom duties on goods.
3. He built a network of roads connecting all parts of his
empire.
4. Write two steps taken by Akbar to
gain the loyalty of Rajputs.
Akbar followed certain steps to
gain the loyalty of the Rajputs-
1. He married into Rajput families and gave Rajput ladies
the choice of practising their own religion.
2. He gave high post to deserving Rajput chiefs.
5. ‘Jahangir continued with Akbar’s
policy of tolerance’. Justify the statement.
Jahangir, like Akbar, maintained
friendly relations with Rajputs, married into Rajput families and awarded high
posts to deserving Rajput chiefs. Thus, Jahangir continued with Akbar’s policy
of tolerance.
E. Give long answers (in 50-70
words) for the following questions.
1. How did Babur secure his position
in India?
Babur was the first Mughal
Emperor. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 and
captured Delhi and Agra. He also defeated RanaSanga of Mewar in the Battle of Khanua in
1527. In 1529 Babur defeated the Afghan chiefs at Ghaghara.
These three battle secured Babur’s position in northern India.
2. Discuss the military campaigns of
Shah Jahan?
Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed
many revolts, chief among which was the revolt of the BundelaRajputs. Shah
Jahan crushed the revolt easily. There was
a revolt in the Daccan too. He also sent his army to Balkh
and Badakshan in Central Asia.
3. What do you know about the
central and provincial administration of the Mughals?
At the centre, the king was the
head of the both civil and military administration. The Mughal empire was
divided into provinces or subas, each headed by a subadar. Each suba was
divided into districts or sarkars, and the sarkars were divided into many
parganas. A pargana comprised many villages. The katwal looked after town
administration.
4. Why did Raja Todarmal introduce a
new measuring device for land measurement? What was the measuring device?
Earlier land was measured with a
rope. However, the rope shrunk when it was dry, and would stretch when it was
wet. This changed the measurements. So Raja Todarmal had to introduce a new
measuring device for land measurement.
The new measuring device
introduced by Raja Todarmal was a rod
made of bamboo joined together by iron rings.
5. Write short note on-Din-i-ilahi,
Zat and Sawar.
Din-i-ilahi -
Din-i-ilahi, also called Tauhid-i-Ilahi. It was a religious path suggested by
Akbar. It was a code of moral conduct reflecting Akbar’s secular ideas and his
desire to achieve peace, tolerance and unity in his empire.
Zat and Sawar- Zat
and Sawar were ranks in the mansabdari system. The zat rank etermine the number
of soldiers under a mansabdar. The sawar rank determined the number of horses
the mansabdar had to maintain. The zat and sawar ranks of a mansabdar
determined his salary.
6. When Humayun died, Akbar was in
Punjab, Humayun’s death was kept secret for 17 days, until Akbar could reach
delhi, During this time a courtier,
dressed in robes, appeared at the window (jharokha) to show himself to the
people. Why was it important to keep the news of Humayun’s death a secret till
Akbar could reach Delhi?
At the time of Humayun’s death, the Mughal
Empire was at a nascent stage. Had the news of Humayun’s death leaked out
before Akbar could reach Delhi,
it would have given local rulers an opportunity to raise the banner of revolt
and cause unrest.
7. ‘My father always associated with
the learned of every creed and religion, especially with Pandits and the
learned of India,
and although he was illiterate….from his conversations with the learned and
wise, no one could take him to be illeterate’.
a. Which Mughal Emperor is being
referred to in the above paragraph?
Emperor Akbar is being referred
to in the above paragraph.
b. What did this Mughal Emperor
build to further his interest in learning about different religions?
Emperor Akbar built the
IbadatKhana at FatehpurSikri to further his interest in learning about
different religions.
c. What was the religious path
suggested by this Mughal Emperor?
Di-i-ilahi, also called
Tauhid-i-Ilahi. It was a religious path suggested by Akbar. It was a code of
moral conduct reflecting Akbar’s secular ideas and his desire to achieve peace,
tolerance and unity in his empire.
6. Monumental Architecture
E. Give shrt answers (in 20-40
words) for the following questions.
1. What kind of monument were built
during the medieval period? Give examples to support your answer.
Both religious and secular monuments were
built during the medieval period.
Religious monuments included
temples and mosques, while secular monuments included forts, palaces, tombs and
wells.
2. List the different parts of a
South Indian temple. Explain any two of them.
The different parts of South Indian temple are
gopuram, garbhagriha, mandapaanoshikara.
A ‘gopuram’ is the gateway of
the temple. ‘Garbhagriha’ is the main shrine where images of the gods and
goddesses were kept. The ‘mandapa’ was an audience hall where people gathered
for prayers. On top of the main shrine was a
tall structure or tower called ‘shikhara’.
3. Which monument is considered to
be a masterpiece of Indo-islamic architecture? Describe that monument.
The QutubMinar is considered to be a masterpiece of Indo-islamic architecture.
QutubMinar is 72.5 metres high and has 378 stairs. It is largely built of red
sandstone. It is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
4. Why are Mughal monuments grander
and more magnificent than those built in the earlier period?
Mughal monument are grander and
more magnificent than those of the earlier period because political stability
in the empire enabled the emperors to pay attention to architecture. Second,
the Mughals had more funds at their disposal to spend on monuments.
5. Write two distinguishing features
of Mughal architecture?
Some distinguish features of Mughal
architecture are as follows.
1. Arch and dome, specially full domes became common.
2. The chaharbagh pattern was introduced.
3. Some tombs and mosques have minarets.
6. What is pietra-dura? Who
introduced it?
Pietra-dura is a technique of
decoration in which precious and semi-precious stones are embedded in marble.
Shah Jahan introduced this technique.
7. Who built the Bara Imambara? Why
was it built?
NawabAsaf-ud-Daula built the
Bara Imambara.BaraImambara was built to provide work to the famine – stricken
people of Lucknow.
F. Give long answers(in 50-70 words)
for the following questions.
1. Why did kings in medieval India
build monuments?
The kings in medieval India built monuments for the following
reasons.
1. They wanted to impress others
with their power, position and wealth.
2. They wanted to celebrate
their victories in war.
3. They wanted to demonstrate
their devotion to God.
4. they wanted to earn the
goodwill of the people.
2. What do understand by
Indo-Islamic style of architecture? What were its main features?
The Turksand the Afghans
introduced new architectural styles. When these styles and techniques were used
with the existing Indian styles, they gave birth to the Indo-Islamic style of
architecture.
The Indo-Islamic style of
architecture was characterized by the use of the arch and the dome. Minarets
are also a characteristic feature of some monuments.
3. How did the regional kingdoms
contribute to architecture?
The regional kingdoms made a
lasting contribution to architecture. The monuments constructed by the regional
kingdoms include the following.
a) Gujarat- Jami Masjid. SidiSyyed Mosque
b) Malwa- Jama Masjid, HindolaMahal
c) Bengal- Adina Masjid, DakhiDarwaza
d) Jaunpur- Atala Masjid
e) Rajput Kingdoms-
Mahendragarh Fort, Chittor Fort.
f) QutubShahis- Golconda Fort, Char Minar
4. How
were the monuments constructed by Shah Jahan different from those of Akbar and
Jahangir?
Mughal
architecture reached perfection under Shah Jahan. The monument he constructed
were more uniform and symmetrical than those of his predecessors. Other
differences include the following.
a) Under Shah Jahan, white marble came to be used on a much
larger scale. Under Akbar and Jahangir, red sandstone was the popular building material.
b) The use of domes and minarets became more common under
Shah Jahan, than in the earlier period.
c) The interior of monuments began to have arches, curved
roots and multiple columns.
5. Kings wanted to earn the goodwill
of the people and thus they constructed tanks and wells. In those days when
people did not vote the kings to power, why was it necessary for them to earn
tne goodwill of the people?
It was necessary for kings to earn the good
will of the people because they wanted to be accepted by the people. An
unpopular king made it easier for local governors to ally the support of the
people and overthrow that ruler. Thus goodwill measures helped the king to
maintain peace and harmony in his empire. Accept this or any other relevant
responses.
6. ‘ The monuments built by Shah
Jahan were more opulent than those built by Aurangzeb.’ What does it tell you
about the economic condition of the Mughal empire?
The opulent monuments
constructed by Shah Jahanpoint to a
thriving economy, whereby Shah Jahan had sufficient funds at his disposal to
spend on monuments. During Aurangzeb’s rule, the economy started declining on
account of continuous wars. Thus, Aurangzeb could not divert funds towards building opulent monuments
4. State Government
A.1. a 2.d 3. b 4. C 5.d
B. 1. False 2.False 3.True 4. True
C. Give short answers (in 20-40
words) for the following questions.
1.Why is the Legislative Council is
called a permanent body
The Legislative Council is called a permanent body because
it cannot be dissolved. Every second year, one-third of its members who
complete their term retire.
2. How are representatives to the
VidhanSabha elected? How have the territorial constituencies for Assembly seats
been set up?
The VidhanSabha representatives are directly elected by the
people from assembly constituencies with in the state.
The territorial constituencies for assembly seats have been
set up in such a way as to ensure proportional representation of the population
in the assembly.
3. What do you understand by ‘the Governor
can hold office during the pleasure of the President’? What qualifications are
needed to become the Governor of a state? ` `
The governor can hold
office during the pleasure of the President means that the President can either
remove the Governor anytime or can extend her/his term.
To become the Governor of the state, a person must be
a) A
citizen of India
and at least 35 years of age,
b) Should
neither be a member of parliament of State Legislature nor hold any salaried
government post.
4. Name the civil servants who carry
out the administrative work in a state?
The civil servants
who carry out the administrative work in a state include the Chief Secretary,
Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, Directors, Deputy
Directors, Divisional Commissioners and District Magistrates.
D. Give long answers (in 50-70
words) for the following questions.
1. How are members elected to the
Legislative Council?
The Legislative Council is a part-nominated and part-elected
body. Common people are indirectly involved in the election to the Council. The
Local Authorities ‘constituencies elect one third of the members, the
Graduates’ and Teachers’ constituencies elect one-twelfth each and the MLAs
elect one third of the members, the Graduates’ And Teachers’ constituencies
elect one- twelfth each and the MLAs elect one-third of the council members.
The remaining seats are filled by people nominated by the Governor. Usually,
renowned persons from various fields are nominated to the Council.
2. What are the steps involved in
the process of a bill becoming an act?
A draft or a bill is
introduced either in the Legislative Assembly or in the Legislative Council of
the state. It is discussed in the house and amendments are made, if necessary,
before it is put to vote .If the bill is passed, it is sent to the governor for
approval. It becomes an act only after the Governor signs it.
3. What are the discretionary powers
of a Governor?
The Governor
possesses certain discretionary powers. She/he can make some decisions without
consulting the Council of Ministers. If the ruling government has lost the
confidence of the legislative assembly or the government machinery has broken
down, the Governor can recommend President’s rule in the state. In such cases,
the governor runs the state administration on the instruction of the President.
4. What are the functions of a Chief
Minister?
He functions of the Chief Minister are as follows-
i.
To advise the Governor on the selection of the
council of Ministers and its size.
ii.
To preside over cabinet meetings.
iii.
To distribute portfolios among ministers.
iv.
To appoint a Deputy Chief Minister, if needed.
v.
To retain charge of some portfolios, if needed.
5. Write short note on- Council of Ministers,
Advocate-Genral.
Council of Ministers- The council of ministers
should not be more than 15% of the total strength of the legislative assembly.
The council of ministers comprises the cabinet ministers, ministers of state
and deputy ministers. It helps the chief ministers in the day to day
administration of the state. It is collectively responsible to the Legislative
assembly.
The Advocate- General- The advocate general gives advice to the
executive on legal matters and performs other legal function as assigned by the
governor. She/he is appointed by the governor. Only a person qualified to be a
high court judge is eligible for the post of the Advocate-General. The
Advocate- General can take part in the proceedings of the state Legislature but
does not have the right to vote.
6. Which candidate will have more power- elected or
nominated? Why?
An elected
candidate will have more power than a nominated candidate. This is because an
elected candidate has been voted to power by the people. People have chosen
that candidate to be their representative and govern the country on their
behalf.
7. Why is it that at the state
levels the Chief Minister is the ‘Head of the Government’ and the Governor is
the ‘Head of the State’?
At the state
level the Chief Minister is the ‘Head of the Government’ and the governor is
the ‘Head of the State’ because the Governor is the nominal head. Her/ his
powers and functions are similar to the President at the national level. The
Chief Minister on the other hand, holds the responsibility for the smooth
governance of the state. Accept this or any other relevant response.
D. Explain the following terms (30
words)
1. Environment 2. Lithosphere 3.Biosphere 4.Ecosystem 5.Urbanization 6.
Pollution
1. The term environment is derived from the French word
‘environer’ which means to surround. Thus, the term environment refers to the
external conditions in which an organism lives. It includes things created by
nature and human beings.
2. The term lithosphere means rocky crust. The outermost
layer of the earth which includes the crust and upper part of the mantle, and
is made up of rocks and minerals is called the lithosphere.
3. Biosphere- The biosphere is a narrow zone where the
lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere meet and interact. It supports life on
earth and is thus called the living world.
4. The complex system of interactions between different
organisms and their physical environment in a particular area is called an
ecosystem.
5. The number of people living in urban area as compared to
the total population of the country is known as urbanization.
6. The disturbance caused to the environment due to the
excessive exploitation of nature, urbanization and industrialization is called
pollution.
E. give short answers (in 20-40
words) for these questions.
1. What is the importance of
ecosystem?
The importance of an ecosystem is that it provides space to
plants and animals to interactwith each other as well as with their physical
environment.
2. Why did the Chipko Movement take
place?
The Chipko movements took place as a protest against the
indiscriminate cutting down of trees the Alaknanda river valley of Uttrakhand.
3. What are the reasons for
environmental pollution?
Some of the reasons
for environmental pollution are:
a) Exploitation
and misuse of nature due to various human activities.
b) Unplanned
and unwise use of technology.
c) Overpopulation
and Urbanization and Industrialization.
4. How can natural environment be
managed property?
To manage the natural
environment properly, a perfect balance should be maintained between the natural
and human environment For this the help of scientists, technologists and
planners is required to address the various environmental problems. Apart from
this, we must understand and learn to live and use the environment in a
harmonious way.
F. Give long answers (in 50-70
words) for these questions.
1. Explain the relationship between
geography and environment.
The study of
geography includes the study of various natural and human-made components of
the environment. It also studies the interrelationship between human being and
their environment. Therefore, the relationship between geography and
environment is very close.
2. Describe the main features of
natural and human-made environment.
Mountains, river,
vegetation and animals are some features of natural environment. The feature of
natural environment includes biotic and abiotic components. Agriculture,
industries, settlements and means of transport which are created by human being
are some of the features human made environment.
3. How have human needs undergone
changes with the passage of time and technological development?
Early humans adjusted
themselves with their environment and fulfilled most of their needs from the
available environmental resources. However, with time, the quality and quantity
of human needs changed and thus they started developing techniques and new
ways. Human settled in the fertile plains of the river valleys to cultivate
land. They domesticated animals, learnt to use fire and invented the wheel.
4. What are the problems faced by
the world today? How can we solve these problems?
The problems faced by
the world today are unplanned and unwise use of technology, overpopulation,
urbanization and industrialization. All these factors result in environmental
pollution by disturbing the balance between the natural and human environment.
We can solve these problems by maintaining a perfect balance
between the natural and human environment.
5. Why do you think the earth is
home to human beings and other organisms?
Earth is the home of human
being and other organism because it gives proper environment for the human
being and organism to live on the earth. It provide natural habitat called
ecosystem for all the living beings.
6. Why is the lithosphere very
important for the progress of human
being?
The lithosphere provides land for agriculture as well as for
building houses, roads and factories. It also gives us minerals. In this way
lithosphere is very important for the progress of human being.
7. The earth would have been a
barren planet without the atmosphere. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
Yes, I agree with this statement because atmosphere is very
important source of life for all the human beings and living organism. Without
atmosphere no one will be able to live on the earth, so it very correct to say
that without atmosphere earth would be a barren planet.
8. Why do plants and animals depend
on each other?
Plant and animals
depends on each other for their survival. Some animals feed on plants. Plants
provide shelter and breeding ground to animals. Oxygen released by plants
during photosynthesis is used by animals to breathe. On the other hand, the
animals help plants in fertilization. Also the carbon dioxide given out by
animals during respiration is used by green plants to carry out photosynthesis.
Distinguish between the following.
1. The difference between Crest and Trough is.
|
Crest
|
Crust
|
|
The rise of water in a wave is called crest.
|
The fall of water in a wave is called trough..
|
2. The difference between waves and tides are:
|
Waves
|
Tides
|
|
a. The
rise and fall of the surface water in the oceans and sea is called waves.
|
a. The alternate rise and fall in the level of sea and ocean water
twice every day at regular intervals is called tides.
|
|
b. Waves
are formed when wind blows across the water surface.
|
b. Tides are caused due to gravitational pull of the moon and the sun
on the surface of the earth.
|
3. The difference between spring tide and neap tide are:
|
Spring Tide
|
Neap Tide
|
|
a. The
phenomenon of the highest high tide and the lowest low tide is known as the
spring tide.
|
a. The
phenomenon of very small rise or fall in sea water is known as neap tide.
|
|
b. It
occurs on full moon and new moon days.
|
b. It occurs on half moon day.
|
4. The difference between current and drift is:
|
Current
|
Drift
|
|
The movement of ocean water in the form of a stream, in a definite
direction, on the ocean surface is called an ocean current.
|
A very broad ocean current is called drift.
|
E.Give short answers (in 20-40
words) for these questions.
1. Describe the general distribution
of salinity in the oceans.
The amount of dissolved salts present in sea and ocean water
is known as salinity. The amount of salinity varies from one part of the ocean
to another. Salinity is maximum near the tropical regions.
2. How do ocean current influence
climate in the coastal areas?
The ocean currents influence climate in the coastal areas in
the following ways
i.
The warm and cold currents increase and decrease
the temperature of the coastal areas respectively.
ii.
The mixing of cold and warm currents causes
dense fog.
iii.
The warm current increase the moisture bearing
capacity of the wind, while cold currents decrease the same.
3. Name the main currents of the Pacific Ocean?
The main currents in
the northern Pacific Ocean are:
a. North
Equatorial current
b. North
Pacific current
c. Alaska Current
d. California current
The main currents in the southern Pacific
Ocean are:
a. South
Equatorial current
b. East
Australian current
c. West
wind drift
d. Peru
current
In between the North Equatorial current and the South
Equatorial current flows the equatorial counter current.
4. What is a tsunami? How does it
affect life in the coastal areas?
Tsunami is a huge
oceanic wave of about 20m to 30 m in height. It is generated when large mass of
water is displaced due to undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption. In the
coastal region tsunamis can damage houses and other structures. It also causes
death due to drowning.
F. Give long answers in (50-70
words) for these questions.
1. Explain the working of
hydrological cycle with the help of a neatly labeled diagram.
The continuous
movement of water from the earth’s surface into atmosphere and back again to
the earth’s surface is called the hydrological cycle or the water cycle. Due to
evaporation, water from different water bodies changes into water vapour and
reaches the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, due to loss of heat, water vapour
changes into water drops through the process of condensation. These water drops
then fall on the earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow or sleet.(Draw the
diagram 7.1).
2. What are the causes for the
occurrence of tides and currents?
The gravitational
pull of the moon and the sun on the surface of the earth causes the occurrence
of tides. However tides follow the
apparent movement of the moon due to its proximity to the earth.
The causes for the occurrence of ocean currents are:
i.
Variation in the temperature of ocean
ii.
Variation in the density of ocean water.
iii.
Direction of the prevailing winds.
iv.
Rotation of the earth
3. What do you know about the
importance of tides?
The importance of
tides is:
i.
During high tides, when the depth of water at
the mouth of rivers increases, it makes some rivers navigable for ocean-going
vessels.
ii.
Tides help to clear the sediments deposited on
the river bed and thus prevent siltation of harbours.
iii.
Tidal energy is used to generate electricity.
iv.
During high tides fishes come near the coast and
this helps the fishing industry to flourish.
v.
During high tides seawater is stored in
low-lying coastal areas and later used to make salt.
4. Write about the main effects of
ocean currents. Give examples wherever possible.
The main effects of ocean currents are:
i.
The warm and cold currents increase and decrease
the temperature of the coastal areas respectively.
ii.
Ocean currents determine the amount of rainfall
along the coastal areas.
iii.
Ocean currents help in navigation as sailing
ships go faster along a current.
iv.
The areas where warn and cold currents meet make
the best fishing grounds of the world as in Newfoundland
and Japan.
v.
In higher latitudes the warm currents keep the
sea port ice free throughout the year.
5. Why is the ocean water salty?
When rivers flow over
land, they pick up minerals salt from the rocks and soil of the river beds.
When the river reaches the ocean, it pours all the minerals into the ocean,
thereby making the ocean water salty.
6. How do tides help trade and
fishing?
During high tide,
when the depth of water at the mouth of rivers increases, it makes some rivers
navigable for ocean-going vessels and also helps fishes to come near the coast.
In this way tides help in trade and fishing.
7. In the coastal areas, the tsunami
appears as a huge ball of water. Explain.
When the tsunami waves enter the shallow water of the coast,
they slow down and their height increases. Thus in the coastal areas, the
tsunami appears as a huge wall of water.
