some history questions

1. Hitler,s propaganda minister was ‘Goebbels’.
2. The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by the USSR and USA.
3. the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.
4. Genocidal ñ Killing on large scale leading to destruction of large sections of people.
5. The name of the German Parliament is Reichstag.
6. The treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany.. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £6 billion. The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland.
7. Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929.
8. The fear of ‘proletarianisation’,is  an anxiety of being reduced to the ranks of the working class, or worse still, the unemployed.
9. Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.

      He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the                 youth .He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.

10. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.
11. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates.
12. Hitler s racism borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest.
13. ‘Synagogues’  Place of worship for people of Jewish faith.
14. STEPS TO DEATH 1: Exclusion 1933-1939 YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE AMONG US AS CITIZENS.

2. Stage 2: Ghettoisation 1940 - 1944 YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE AMONG US.

3. Stage 3: Annihilation 1941 onwards: YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE.

      15.What Hitler was think about german farmers?

           Ans) The German farmer stands in between two great dangers today: The one danger          American economic system ñ Big Capitalism! The other is the Marxist economic system of Bolshevism. Big Capitalism and Bolshevism work hand in hand: they are born of Jewish thought and serve the master plan of world Jewery. Who alone can rescue the farmer from these dangers? NATIONAL SOCIALISM.

16.Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people s dreams in her diary and later published them in a highly disconcerting book called the ‘Third Reich of Dreams’.

nazi

civics questions

          SOME MOREQUESTIONS ABOUT CIVICS

1. What were the demands of Lek Walesha in Poland?

Ans) 1 To form independent trade unions

2 To release political prisoners

3 To remove censorship on press

2. Who was Salvador Allande?

Ans) He was president of Chile .He led the coalition name ‘popular unity’ in Chile.

3.When was  Military Coup happen in Chile?

Ans) 11 september 1973

4. When general Zaru Zelsiki put Martial law in Poland?

Ans) December 1981 he declared martial law in country.

How many phases of Democracy in world?

Ans) Democracy expended in world in three phases .

a)      the beginning phase in which 1789 french revolution, 1776 north America declared independence from british.

b)      End of colonialism in which many countries such as India, Ghana, got independence.

c)      Recent phase in which many countries democratic , USSR broken 15 countries independent. Pakistan and bangle desh again democratic , in 2006 nepal again democratic

5. What is the aim of UNO /

Ans) a. To help in promote cooperation  International peace,security, economic development and social justice.

6. Aims of IMF and World Bank.

Ans)  to provide loans to countries

7. UNO have 5 permanent members who enjoying VETO power

USA,RUSSIA,BRITAIN,CHINA FRANCE

 IMF have 173 members and only 7 members(usa,japan,france,britain,Saudi Arabia,china and Russia) have more than half votes % .

World bank president can only elected from USA and treasury minister of USA nominated his / her name.

8. Four features of democracy.

a. major decision taken by elected leaders

b. free and fair election

c. one person one vote one value

d. rule of law and respect of rights

9. Following three countries are not giving equal right of vote to their citizens

Saudi Arabia not giving right to vote to women

Estonia not giving right to vote to Russian minorities’

Fiji not giving equal right to vote to Indian Fijian

10. Problems of democracy in Zimbabve/

a. In 1980 independent Robert Mugabe continue rule

b. protest against govt is banned

c. opposition parties getting harsh

d. Nobody can criticize president

e. Media is under full control of govt. Only they can telecast govt related news

11. When was South Africa independent?

Ans) 26 april 1994 and Nelson Mandela become first president of country.

12. Why do people need a constitution

a. to generate trust and coordination among people.

b. it specify how the govt will create and who will have power to take decision

c. it lays down the limits on govt and what govt can do and cannot do

french revolution map for practice

All my ninth A&B do well don't take stress do best and good luck

history important notes 9th class

9th SA - 1 HISTORY NOTES
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1
Standard IX

Chapter 1 The French Revolution
1.             When was the city of Paris in a state of alarm?
On the morning of 14th July 1789.
How many people gathered in front of the town hall and what did they do?
·        Some 7000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a people’s militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.
·        A group of people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille.
·        The commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released.
·        The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the market to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.
3.             Who was the ruler of France and to which dynasty did he belong?
Louis XVI was the ruler of France in 1774. He belonged to the Bourbon dynasty.
4.             Who was Marie Antoinette?
She was  married to Louis XVI. She was an Austrian princess.
5.             Why was the French treasury empty when Louis XVI ascended the throne?
·                     Long years of war drained the financial resources of France.
·                     The cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
·                     Louis XVI helped 13 American colonies to gain independence from Britain.
·                     Lenders who gave the credit now began to charge 10 percent interest on loans.
6.             How was the French society organized?
·        The French society was divided into 3 estates.
·        The First Estate included the clergy. The Second Estate included the nobility and Third Estate had members from business community, peasants, artisans and landless labourers.
·        Peasants made up about 90% of the population. They paid all the taxes.
·        60% of the land was owned by nobles, the church and other richer members of the third estates.
·        The clergy and the nobility enjoyed privileges and were exempted from paying taxes.
7.             What were the 2 taxes paid by the people of France?
Tithe – A tax levied by the church comprising one – tenth of the agricultural produce.
Taille – A tax paid directly to the state.
8.             What do you mean by subsistence crisis?
An extreme situation where the  basic means of livelihood are endangered.
      9.Explain the struggle to survive. (pg -5 – text book) (or)
      Explain the situation that led to the subsistence crisis.
·                     French population rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789.
·                    This led to increase in the demand for food grains but production of grains could not match with the demand.
·                    The prices of various products increased. Example the price of bread increased rapidly.
·                    The wages of the workers however did not increase.
·                    Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
10.Write the role of philosophers in the French Revolution.
·        Rousseau:  Carried the idea proposing  a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. He wrote a booked named Social Contract.
·        John Locke: In his book Two treatises of government, he wrote against the doctrine of divine and absolute right of the monarch.
·        Montesquieu: In his book The Spirit of Laws he proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
The ideas of these philosophers were discussed in saloons and coffee houses. They were spread through books and news papers.
11.Describe the incidents of Assembly of Estates General and oath of tennis
      court.
·        Louis XVI decided to call and assembly of the Estates General on 5th May 1789 to pass proposals for new taxes.
·        A luxurious hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates.
·        The First and Second Estates sent 300 representatives each who were seated in rows facing each other on 2 sides while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
·        The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members while peasants, artisans and women were denied entry.
·        Voting in the estates general in the past was on the principal of each estate one vote.
·        Louis XVI wanted to continue the same practice but members of the third estates demanded that voting should be conducted by an assembly as a whole where each member would have one vote.
·        The king rejected and the members of the third estate walked out of the assembly.
Oath of tennis court
·        On 20th June, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
·        They declared themselves as national assembly and decided not to leave the place till they had drafted the constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
·        They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes  
12.           Who was Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes?
Mirabeau: He was born in a noble family but wanted to do away with a society of privileges. He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches to the crowds

Abbe Sieyes: He was a priest and wrote an influential pamphlet called what is the third estate.
13.           ‘While the National Assembly at Versailles drafting a Constitution the rest of
        France seethed with turmoil’ Explain.
·        A severe winter resulted in bad harvest, the price of bread rose and bakers exploited the situations by hoarding supplies. Angry women stormed into the shops.
·        The king ordered troops to move into Paris on 14th July the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
·        In the countryside there was a rumour that the lords had hired bands of robbers who would destroy the ripe crops.
·        The peasants seized hoes and pitch forks and attacked the residence belonging to king (Chateaux).
·        They looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents containing records.
·        A large number of nobles flood from their homes and many of them migrated to neighboring countries.
14.           What was the reaction of this uprising?
·        Faced with the power  of the revolt Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would be checked by a constitution.
·        On fourth August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system.
·        The clergy were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and land owned by the church were confiscated.
15.           When was the constitution drafted and what were its main objectives?
The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.  
·        Its main object was to limit the power of the monarch.
·        Instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person the powers were separated and assigned different institutions – the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made Francea constitutional monarchy.
16.           What was the political system under the constitution of 1791?
·        The constitution of 1791 gave the power to make laws to the National Assembly which was indirectly elected.
·        Citizens voted for a group electors who in tern chose the assembly.
·        Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer’s wage were given the right to vote. They were called active citizens. The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens.
·        To be an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the category of highest tax payer.
17.           What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens?
·        The Constitution began with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens which included Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law.
·        These rights were established as natural and inalienable rights which belongs to each citizens by birth and could not be taken away.
Some of the rights were:
·        Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
·        Liberty consists of the power to do what ever is not injurious to others.
·        No man may be accused, arrested or detained except in cases determined by law.
·        Every citizen may speak right and print freely. (for more points refer page 11 – source – C – text book)
18.           Who was the poet of Marseillaise?
Marseillaise was one of the patriotic song composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.
19.           How did France become a republic?
·        Louis XVI entered into secret negotiations with the king of Prussia.
·        The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
·        Volunteers joined the army and sang patriotic songs.
·        The revolutionary wars brought economic difficulties to the people.
·        The men were fighting and women had to earn a living and look after their families.
·        Political clubs were formed. Women also formed their own clubs.
·        In 1792, the Jacobins stormed the palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king as hostage for several hours.
·        Later the royal family was imprisoned. Elections were held in which all men of 21 years and above got the right to vote.
·        The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
·        On September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.
20.           What do you know about Jacobin club?
·        Political clubs became an important feature in France. The most successful of these clubs was the Jacobians.
·        The members of this club belonged to the less prosperous section of society. They included small shopkeepers, shoe makers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers as well as servants. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
·        A large group of the Jacobians decided to wear long striped trousers. These Jacobians were called as Sans-Culottes meaning those without knee – breeches.
21.           When was Louis XVI executed?
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21st January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antionette met with the same fate shortly after.
22.           Why was the period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror (Jacobin ‘s Government)?
·        The period from 1793 to 1794 was called the Reign of Terror.
·        The ruler Maxmillion Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishments.
·        All those who opposed him were arrested, imprisoned and  killed.
·        He guillotined the ex-nobles, clergy and the members of political parties.
·        He issued maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
·        Meat and bread were rationed. The use of expensive white bread was forbidden and people were required to eat equality bread d’e’galite’
·        Prices on  grains to sell was fixed by the government.
·        French men and women were to be addressed as citoyen and citoyenne (citizen).
·        Churches were closed down  turned as offices.
·        Many people in place began to demand moderation in the government and in July 1794 Robespierre was arrested and the next day he was guillotined.
23.           (read source – c from text book)
24.           Throw light on the Director’s rule.
·        After the Jacobin’s club the wealthier middle class people seized power.
·        They formed a new constitution which denied voting right to non – p opertied people.
·        It provided elected legislative councils.
·        A Directory of executives were made up of 5 members.
·        The Directors often clashed with the legislative councils.
·        The political instability led to the rise of military dictator – Napeon Bonaparte.
25.           What is a  guillotine? Who invented it?
The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which  a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotin who invented it.
26.           Did women have a revolution?
·        Women were active participants during the revolution.
·        Most of the third estate’s women worked for their earning. They worked as laundresses, semesters, fruit and flower sellers. They worked both at home and outside.
·        Rich class girls did not work. They were educated in the convent and later  married off.
·        There were about 60 revolutionary clubs formed during the revolution. ‘The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women’ was the most famous of them.
·        Women demanded for their voting right. Finally got it in 1946.
27.           How did the revolutionary government improve the condition of women?
·        Revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the conditions of the government.
·        Schooling was made compulsory for all the girls.
·        Their fathers could not force them to marry against their will.
·        Divorce was made illegal.
·        But this government did not guarantee voting right to women.
28.           Read source E,F and G from book.
29.           Write a note on The Abolition of Slavery.
·        The slave trade began in the 18th century. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies.
·        Convention legislated to free all slaves in the French over seas possessions.
·        However Napoleon reintroduced slavery.
·        Finally slavery was abolished in 1848.
30.           Read the topic ‘The revolution and every day life’. (page – 22 and 23)
STD  IX                        HISTORY 
                           Nazism – Rise Hitler
Q1) Why was an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg  set up after the end of the second world war in 1945?
Ans) International military Tribunal was set up by the Allies at Nuremberg to prosecute Nazi war criminals who acted against  peace and humanity. In this tribunal 11 leading Nazis were given death punishment and many were punished.
Q2) What was Genocidal War?
Ans) Killing on  large scale leading  to destruction  of large sections of people was called Genocidal war.
Q3)Mention the two groups of countries that fought on the different sides during the first world war?
Ans) The First group included England, France and Russia came to called as Allies and the second group included Germany and Austria called as central powers.
Q4) What was the German Parliament called?
Ans)The German Parliament was called Reichstag, it was formed on the basis of equal and universal votes caste by all adults including workers.
Q5)Why was the  Weimar Republic not welcome by people?
Ans) The Weimar Republic was not welcomed by the people because:-
1.It  accepted the terms of the   treaty signed at Versailles.
2. Politically  Weimar Republic was fragile. The Constitution also had some defects.
3.The economic conditions of Germany was hit by the economic crisis. There were around six million people who were unemployed.
Q6)”The treaty of Versailles was a humiliating peace treaty for Germany “Justify?
The treaty  of Versailles was harsh and humiliating.
1.Germany lost its overseas colonies.
2. 13 percent of its territories ,75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France,
     Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
3. The allied powers demilitarized Germany to weaker its power.
4. The Germany was forced to pay compensation which was very high.
5. The allied armies occupied  the fertile Rhineland.
Q7. Who were called as November criminals?
Ans) The socialists, Catholics and Democrates, who supported the Weimar Republic were called November criminals.
Q8. What were the effects of the war on Europe?
1.             The war affected the entire continent phychologically and financially.
2.             Politicians stressed that men should be aggressive, strong and masculine.
3.             The war caused a great destruction on many countries. This resulted in the collapse of Political, social and economic life of the people.
4.             This war resulted in the change the political map of Europe.
5.             The war gave birth to an international organizations like League of Nations and
      UNO.
6. The war also resulted in the emergence of two super powers i.e.. USA and USSR.

Q9. Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he rise to power?
Ans. Early Life
         1. Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria.
         2. He joined the army as a messenger.
         3. In 1919 he joined a small group called the German Worker’s Party. He
             renamed the party as National socialist German Worker’s party and later on this
             party came to be called as Nazi party.
Hitler’s rise of power
1. In 1923 he planned to seize control of Bavaria but he failed and was tried for treason.
    Later on he was released.
2. In 1928 the Nazi party got only about 2.6 percent votes but In 1932 it became the
    largest party with 37 percent votes.
3. Hitler was a powerful speaker and an administrator to build a strong nation.
4. He also promised full employment who were looking for jobs.
Q10. How did Hitler and the Nazi party help in the destruction of democracy?
Ans. 1. On 30th January 1933 President Hindenberg offered the chancellorship to Hitler.
            Hitler had set out to destroy the structure of democratic rule.
2.             In Feb. 1933 the government suspended  the freedom of speech and press assembly.
3.             Hitler turned to the communist where most of them were sent to the concentration camps.
4.              Hitler got the popular support of people that Democracy was opposed by Dictatorship.  
Q11. What was the Enabling Act and write its features?
Ans: 1.On 3rd March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship inGermany.
2. It gave Hitler the powers to sideline Parliament.
      3. All parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi party.
      4. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and
          judiciary.
5.             Special surveillance and security forces were creatd to control the society.
6.             Apart from regular police in green uniform  and the security services and secret police called Gestapo was established.
 Q12. What were the steps taken by Hitler to establish his control?
Ans. 1. Special security forces were created to control the society in the way  Nazi
        wanted.
        2. There was criminal police and the security service and the secret state police (Gestapo).
        3. People would be detained in Gestapo and  sent to the concentration camps.
Q13. How did Hitler reconstruct Germany?
1.             Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmer Schacht who aimed full reproduction and full employment.
2.             The project like the famous German super highways and the people’s car was introduced.
3.             He reoccupied Rhineland and integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan ‘one people, one Empire and one nation’.

Q14. Why did USA enter the Second world war?
Ans: 1. USA had resisted involvement in the war. It was unwilling to once again face all the economic problems that it had to face in the first world war .
2. It could not stay out of the war for long.
3. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, the USentered the second world war.
Q15. What was the Nazi ideology about races ?
1.             Nazi ideology did not give equality to the people.
2.             Only Nordic German Aryans were regarded as superiors and the  jews were at the lowest rank.
3.             According to this only those species could be regarded as superior who were purely Aryans.
4.             The Nazis said that the strongest species would survive and the weak would perish.
Q16. What was the treatment given to non-Aryans?
                                           Or
Write a note on Hitler’s policy of establishing racial state.
·                     Jews were considered as undesirable and inferior.
·                     They were widely prosecuted.
·                     Gypsies and blacks were considered inferiors.
·                     They lived in separately marked areas called ghettos.
·                     I phase: From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized the jews, compelling them to leave the country
II phase: From 1939 to 1945 the Jews were concentrated in certain areas
III phase: From 1941 to 1945 the Jews were killed in large numbers.
·         Hitler was intolerant that he wanted to establish  separate territories  for different races.
·         He could not allow the mixing of people of different races.
Q17. What was Jungvolk?
·                     Youth organization were made responsible for educating Germans youth in the ‘Spirit of National Socialism’.,
·                     Children below 14 years of age had to join a group which was called Jungvolk.
Q18. What happened in schools under Nazism?
·                     All schools were cleansed and purified.
·                     The  Jew  teachers  were thrown out of schools and finally in the 1940 they were taken to gas chambers.  
·                     The children were taught Nazi values.
·                     Good German children were given ideological training.
·                     Text books were re written
·                     Children were taught to be royal and aggressive.
·                     The school taught that men and women are not equal.
·                     Hitler believed that children should be iron hearted, strong and masculine which could be possible if sports like boxing was introduce.

Q19. What was Nazi cult of motherhood?
·                     In Nazi Germany it was repeatedly told that women were radically different from men.
·                     Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted. While girls were told that they had to be good mothers and  rear pure-blooded Aryan children.
·                     Hitler regarded mothers very important but all mothers were not treated equally.
·                     Women who gave birth to racially undesirable children were punished and those who gave birth to racially desirable children were awarded.
·                     These women were given favourable treatments in hospitals, they got concessions in shop, theatre tickets and railway fares.
·                     Women were encouraged to give birth to many children. The mothers who gave birth to four, six and eight children were awarded bronze, silver and gold cross respectively.
Q20. What was the art of propaganda?
·                     The Nazi regime used media with care. They used words with great care. They never used words ‘kill’ and ‘murder’. Mass killings were called as ‘Special treatment’ or ‘Final Solution’ (for Jews)
·                     ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers.
·                     Media was used to win support for the Nazis.
·                     Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radios, posters, slogans etc..
·                     Films were made to create hatred for Jews. The most infamous film was ‘The Eternal Jew’ in which Jews were shown wearing beard and Kaftans but in reality the Germans and Jews could not be distinguished.
·                     The Jews were called as vermins, rats and pests.
Q21. How did the common people react to Nazism?
·                     Some people of Germany had a feeling of hatred and anger when they saw Jews. They marked the houses of Jews and were very suspicious of the Jews.
·                     Many people organized active resistance to Nazism.
·                     A large majority  of Germans, how ever were passive and they were too scared to react or protest.
Q22. What was Holocaust?
·                     The Nazi killing operation was called Holocaust
·                     The world came to know about  the atrocities of the Nazi leader through the documents written by the prisoners which were preserved in milk cans and other places still remain as memoirs and fiction in museums in many parts of the world
Q23. Name a Nazi killing centre.
Auschwitz.
Q24. How was trench life miserable for soldiers in the world wars?
Trench life was miserable for the soldiers. Often corpses were fed by rats. Even the wounded soldiers faced  problems of rats. The soldiers have to face poisonous gas and enemies.
Q25. How was Weimar opposed and how did it  crush the rebels before the rise of Hitler?
1.             Revolutionary uprising evolved by Spartacist Leag in Germany against the Weimar govt.  
2.             People in Berlin demanded for Soviet style of governance.
3.             Socialists, democrats and catholics opposed and met in Weimar and formed democratic republic.
4.             The Weimar crushed the rebels with war veterans called ‘Free corps’.
Q26. What is Gestapo?
Gestapo was the secret police force formed by Hitler to keep an  eye on the enemies of Nazism. The people who were against Nazism were tortured in Gestapo torture chambers and then sent to concentration camps.
 Q27. What is Dawes plan?
·                     The economic  condition of Germany was very backward as a result of I world war.
·                     The gold resources depleated. In 1923 Germany refused to pay the war indemnity andFrance occupied a leading industrial coal reserve called Ruhr.
·                     Germany printed paper currency recklessly whwich led to the fall of German Mark.
·                     This crisis led to hyper inflation.
·                     Eventually USA intervened  and bailed Germany out of this crisis by introducing Dawes Plan.
Q28. Write about the Great Economic Depression.  What was the impact of it inGermany?
·                     The Wall Street Exchange collapsed in USA. The values of shares went down. There were many people  ready to sell their shares and no one to buy. On 24th October 13 million shares were sold. This was the beginning Great Economic Depression.
·                      US support to Germany was also withdrawn.
·                     Vast unemployment was created
·                     Germans held placards saying ‘Willing to do any Work’
·                     Youth queued up at the gate of Employment exchange.
Q29. What were the features of  Fire Decree?
·                     The Fire Decree of 28th Feb. 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of press, assembly, speech guaranteed by Weimar Republic
·                     The communists were packed off to the newly established concentration camps.
·                     The repression on the communists were severe.
Q30. Discuss the foreign policy of Hitler.
·                     Hitler violated the rules of League of nations.
·                     He reoccupied Rhineland in 1936.
·                     Austria – Germany took the slogan ‘one people, one empire and one leader.
·                     He annexed Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia as it had maximum Germans.
·                     He started increasing arms and increased military.
·                     In Sep.1939 Germany invaded Poland . This started the beginning of second world war.
Q31. Describe the second world war.
·                     In sep. 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. This marked the beginning of the second world war. England and France attacked Germany.
·                     In Sep. 1940 a Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy and Japan came called to be called as the Axis power.
·                     USA entered the war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, a naval base of America.
·                     Germany attacked Soviet Union in June 1941. The soviet Red army rooted the German army and reached the heart of Berlin. German army was exposed to aerial bombing by the British.
·                     US ended the second world war by dropping atom bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan

civics 9th class

Std IX                 chapter 1
               DEMOCRACY IN THE
             CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Page 2 and 4
Introduction
The chapter tells us how democracy expanded during last hundred years to more and more countries in the world. The chapter also deals with the v arious world organizations like UNO, IMF and World Bank.

1.1         Two tales of Democracy
Chile
Q1. Who was Allende?
Ans: Chile, a country in South America ruled by Salvador Alende (called Ayen – they) from 1970 to 1973. He was the founder and leader of the Socialist Party of Chile and led the Popular Unity coalition and became the president of Chile.

Q2. What were the popular policies and programmes of Salvador Alende?
Ans: Soon after becoming the President of Chile Alende had taken several policy decisions to help the poor. Some of them were:
·        Reform of educational system.
·        Free milk for poor children.
·        Redistribution of land to the landless farmers.
·        He was opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.
The landlords, the rich and the church and politicians opposed his policies

Q3. “I have certainty  that my sacrifice, that at the least, I will be a moral lesson to castigate felony, cowardice, and treason.” What message does the person wants to convey?
Ans: The above lines are addressed by President Alende of Chile to his people on a radio before he was killed by a military coup. He  gave the message to his people that his sacrifice will not go a waste, one day the Chileans would enjoy freedom and democracy.

Q. Why was Alende punished?
Ans: Allende offended the rich people, politicians and some foreign countries by his policies (ref. Q2). On 11th Sep 1973, A military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet supported by US surrounded Alende’s residence and bombed.

Q4. How long did General Pinochet rule over Chile? Were the people happy and did they enjoy freedom in his rule?
Ans:
General Pinochet ruled over for 17 years. He led a military government His government was funded by USA.
People could not do any thing they wished and no one could question the government.
Military dictatorship was established that tortured and killed people who supported Allende and those who wanted a democracy.





Q5. Who was General Alberto Bachelet ?
Ans: General Alberto Bachelet was an officer in the Chilean Air force. He was killed by Pinochet as he refused to join the coup. His wife and daughter Michelle Bachelet were put in prison and tortured. More than 3000 people were killed and many reported missing.
Page 5
Restoration of democracy
Q6.  What is referendum?
Ans: An election conducted to either accept or reject a government.

Q7. Who conducted referendum? What was the result?
Ans: General Pinochet conducted referendum in 1988. He was confident that people would say yes to his continuing power. But  people had not forgotton their democratic traditions. Their vote was a decisive ‘no’ to Pinochet. This led to the fall military government .

Q8. How did Chile acquire Democracy?
Ans. In 1988 Pinochet conducted a referendum in which people rejected his government. People did not enjoy any freedom in his government. They over threw his government and established democracy.

Q9. Who formed the government after Pinochet?
Ans: Michelle Bachelet, a democrat formed the government. She was elected as the President of Chile in January 2006.

Q10. Who was Michelle Bachellet?
Ans: Michelle Bachellet was the daughter of General Bachellet , an Air force officer. She was medical doctor and a moderate socialist, She became the first woman to be a Defence Minister  in  Latin America. In the Presidential elections she defeated one of Chile’s richest men.

Page 5 - 6
Democracy in Poland

Q11. Who ruled over Poland in 1980?
Ans: United Worker’s Party ruled over Poland. It was a communist party. This party was supported by USSR. In this government no other political party was allowed to function. The people could not freely choose the leaders of the communist party or the government. Those who spoke against the leaders or the party or the government were put in prison.

Q12. Describe  the strike of Lenin ship yard.
Ans. On 14th August 1980, the workers of Lenin shipyard in the city of  Gdansk went on a strike. The shipyard was owned by the government. The strike began with a demand to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed from service. This strike was illegal, because trade unions independent of the ruling party were not allowed in Poland.
A former electrician of the shipyard joined the strike. He was also dismissed from the yard for demanding high wages. He soon emerged as a powerful leader and led the strike.
The  strikers demanded right to form independent trade unions and the release the political prisoners and an end to censorship on press.
As a result the government had to give in. The govt signed 21 point agreement with the strikers.


Q13. What was the terms of  21 point or the Gdansk agreement?
Ans: The Gdansk agreement ended the strike.
The govt agreed to recognize the worker’s party.
It gave the right to form independent trade unions and right to strike.
A new trade union named Solidarity was formed.

Q14. Who led the government of Polish worker’s party ?
Ans: General Jaruzelski.

Q15. What was the reaction of the government after the formation of Solidarity? What was the result?
Slowly the corruption in the government came into light.
The govt imposed strict laws on the people.
Jaruzelski imposed martial law in December 1981. Thousands of solidarity members were put in prison.
Freedom to organize, protest and express opinions was once again taken away.
Another strike was organized in 1988. This time  the government became weak.
Finally it resulted in the fall of the government and walesa won the election in April 1989 and became the president of Poland.

Page 6 and 7
Two features of Democracy
Q16. What are the two features of Democracy?
·        The people could not choose or change their rulers.
·        There was no real freedom to express one’s opinions, form political associations and organize protests and political action.

Q17. Compare the two non – democratic governments in stories of chile and Poland.
(ref. above answers and compare the non democratic stories of Poland and Chile)

Q18. Compare the democratic governments of chile and  Poland under Alende, Bachellet and Walesa respectively.
Ans: Alede: Alende preferred government control on all big industries and economy.
Walesa:  wanted  the market to be free of govt interference.
Michelle: stands somewhere in  the middle on this issue.

Q19. What is true democracy?
Only leaders elected by people should rule the country.
People have the freedom to express views. Freedom to organize and freedom to protest.



The changing map of democracy (read from text book – page 8 and 9)


Qus. Write about the struggle for Independence in Ghana?
1.       Ghana was a British colony called Gold Coast. It became Independent in 1957.
2.       The first Prime Minister and then the President was Ghana Nkrumah.
3.       In 1966 he was overthrown by the military.
Qus. Explain the developments in Pakistan ,  Nepal in 1990’s?
Pakistan :  1. It made a transition from army rules to democracy in 1990’s.
                  2. in 1999 general Musharraf brought back army rule in Pakistan.
Nepal  :     1. The king gave up many of his powers to the elected government and thus Nepal became a constitutional monarchy.
                  2. In 2005 the new king dismissed the elected government and took back the political freedom.
Qus. Describe the struggle for democracy in Myanmar ?
1.       It gained Independence in 1948 and became a democracy.
2.       In 1962 there was a military coup.
3.       In 1990 elections were held after 30 years.
4.       The National League for  democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi won the elections. The military leaders did not recognized the election results and Suu Kyi was put under house arrest.
5.       Despite being under house arrest Suu Kyi continued to campaign for democracy.
6.       She was also awarded the Nobel Peace Price.
Qus. How democratic is the UN?
1.       The UN general assembly has 192 members. All the discussions takes place here. This makes the UN to be democratic.
2.       The security council of the UN has 5 permanent members and 10 other members who are elected by the general assembly for 2 years. The permanent member have veto power which means that the council cannot take a decision if any permanent member says no. in this respect we may say that UN is not democratic.
Qus. Why did US attack Iraq ?
1.       Saddam ran a dictatorial government in Iraq. He killed a number of political opponents and minorities.
2.       The US and its allies like Britain alleged that Iraq possessed secret nuclear weapons.
3.       The UN team could not find any such weapons.
4.       In 2003 US invaded Iraq and removed Saddam and an interim government was installed.
5.       The UN Security Council, the UN secretary general Kofi annan said that the US war on Iraq was illegal.
Political science
Standard – IX                      Chapter 3
                                    Constitutional Design

1.      What is a constitution?
Certain basic rules that the citizens and the government have to follow. Constitution determines the rights of citizens, the powers of the government and how the government should function. A constitution is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country. It contains supreme laws that one must abide by it.

2.      Who was Nelson Mandela?
Nelson Mandela was a freedom fighter of South Africa who struggled hard against apartheid. He was tried for treason for making an attempt to overthrow the existing government in S.Africa. He and 7 other leaders were imprisoned in 1964 for opposing apartheid. He was imprisoned for 28 years in a most dreadful prison named Robben Island. After independence he became the President of South Africa.

3.      Define Aparthied.
The system of racial discrimination between black and white people is called apartheid. South Africa had white rule, where discrimination of black people and coloured people was done. There were separate toilets, trains, buses, taxis, hotels, libraries, cinema halls etc.. for the black and coloured people
.
4.      Who were coloured people?
Indians and non white people were called coloured people in South Africa.

5.      Discuss the role of African National Congress in South Africa.
 African National Congress was an organization which opposed segregation. Several  
 countries opposed apartheid. Several white people also joined the movements of ANC.
 The organization launched protest marches and strikes. This also included worker’s
 union and communist party as supporters.

6.      When did S.Africa became free?
Due to struggle and its severity by the  S.Africans, the white government removed discriminatory laws and restrictions on the media. Finally south Africa became independent in 26th April 1994. After 28 years of imprisonment Nelson Mandela They walked out of jail as a free man. On 26th April 1994 new national flag of the Republic of S.Africa was unfurled marking the newly born democracy in the world.
After 2 years of discussion and debate a constituition was drawn up on the basis of equality. The people determined to work together i.e.. the oppressor and oppressed planned to live together.




7. What were the agreements that took place  between the black and white people after independence
According to the new constitution the oppressor and the oppressed decided to live together. But it was not an easy task. Both had their fears. The black majority did not want to compromise for any reason while the white minority was keen to protect their privileges and property.
Agreement:
·        The whites agreed the majority rule with one person one vote. They also agreed some basic rights for poor and workers.
·        The blacks agreed that they would not take away the property of the white minority.
·        Even if they trust each other, what was the guarantee.
·        So a constitution was written to ensure the rights.
8. Why do we need a constitution?
We need a constitution as it does many things.
Firstly it generates a degree of trust and co-ordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
Secondly it specifies how the government will be constituted who will have power to take which decisions.
Thirdly it lays down limits on the powers of the government  and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
Fourthly it expresses the aspiration of the people about creating a good society.
9. ‘Making of the Indian constitution was not easy’ Discuss.
Due to diversity in India making of the constitution is not an easy task.
The newly independent people had emerged from subjects to citizens.
The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences.
10 lakh people were killed on the borders of India and Pakistan.
India was not united into one from princely states during the making of the constitution.
10. Discuss some of the initiative towards the making of Indian constitution.
In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other congress leaders drafted a constitution for India.
At the resolution in the Karachi session in 1931 the congress dwelt on how independent India’s constitution should look like.
Both these documents were committed to the inclusion of universal adult franchise, right to freedom and equality and to protecting the rights of minorities in the constitution of independent India.
Thus some basic values were accepted by all leaders much before the Constituent assembly met to deliberate on the constitution.
11. How did the constituent Assembly work?
The Constituent Assembly worked in systematic manner:
The basic principles were decided. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly.
The Drafting Committee was set under Dr.B.R. Ambedkar.
Discussion took place clause by clause.More than 2000 amendments were considered. Members deliberated for 114 days.
Every document spoken and written were recorded and preserved. These were called the ‘Constituent Assembly Debated’. These were printed in 12 bulky volumes. These help to interpret the meaning of constitution.

(Note: Read page 47 to 49 – 3.4 Guiding values of the Indian constitution)



12. What is a preamble? Evaluate the Indian preamble.
The constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values. This is called the Preamble to the  Constitution. Taking inspiration from American model, most countries in the contemporary world have chosen to begin their constitutions with a preamble.
In India the preamble reads like a poem on democracy. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government, to find out whether it is good or bad. It is the soul of Indian Constitution.

( Note:for further information and meaning for the Indian preamble read page 51 of text book)

13. Who comprised the Constituent Assembly of India?
Constituent assembly represented the people of India. The members of the existing provincial legislatures elected the members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946.
The first meeting was held in December 1946. Since India – Pakistan was divided, the constituent Assembly was also divided into 2.
The assembly had 299 members. Assembly was dominated by the Indian National Congress.
The Assembly represented members from different language groups, castes, classes, religions and occupations.
The constitution was adopted on 26th Nov. 1949. This came into effect on 26th Jan 1950. We celebrate 26th January as Republic Day  every year. Indian constitution is the country wide accepted one.