electoral politics

                         Part 1

        Practice Question related to electoral politics

Q1. Why do we need a election? Give detail answer.

Q2. A democratic election can deepen the democracy in country. Justify the statement.

Q3. Political competition is good or bad, give your opinion.

Q4. What is electoral constituency/?

Q5. Why constitution makers reserved some constituencies for SC and ST community? How many constituencies reserved for SC and ST?

Q6. Define ‘Voter List’.

                        Part 2

Q1. How government prepare voter’s list’?

Q2. Define ‘party ticket’.

Q3. Describe the nomination process of candidates who is contesting   election.

Q4. Why educational qualification for candidates is not necessary in India?

Q5. Election campaign is necessary part of election. Explain.

Q6. Different political parties had used some slogans to win election, explain.

java map history forest chp

extra questions cricket

1.   Who  wrote a novel,’ Tom Brown’s Schooldays.’

2.   Cricket is a batsman’s game. Explain.

Ans : a) Cricket is a batsman’s game.

b) its rules were made to favour ‘Gentlemen’, who did most of the batting.

c) The captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman:

 1.      What is Cricket’s connection with a rural past?

Ans:A) The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.

B)The size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins. Cricket was originally played on country commons, so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits.

C)Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.

2. Why Australian cricketer Dennis Lillee was outlawed by the umpires?

Ans: He tried to play an innings with an aluminium bat.

3.      “The organisation of cricket in England reflected the nature of English society.” Expain.

Ans: A) The rich (amateurs) who played it for two reasons. One, they considered sport a kind of leisure. To play for the pleasure of playing and to show an aristocratic value.

   B) different entrances for them and doing bating only showed discrimination in society.

C) The poor who played it for a living were called professionals. The wages of professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money.

D) The social superiority of the amateur was also the reason the captain of a cricket team was traditionally a batsman, generally Gentlemen.

4. ‘The ‘battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton’. Justify the statement.

Ans; a) Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to schoolboys in its public schools.

b) Team sport like cricket and rugby teaching to  English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.

c) The English ruling class to believe that it was the superior character of its young men, built in boarding schools, playing gentlemanly games like cricket.

5. The cricket became hugely popular in the Caribbean. Why?

Ans; a) Success at cricket became a measure of racial equality and political progress.

b) Political leaders of Caribbean countries like Forbes Burnham and Eric Williams saw in the game a chance for self respect and international standing.

c) When the West Indies won its first Test series against England in 1950, it was celebrated as a national achievement.

6. Why cricket remained a colonial game?

Ans; a) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it a hard game to export.

b) It took root only in countries(South Africa, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Kenya) that the British conquered and ruled.

c) By local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters, as in India.
7. What was Pentangular tournament? Why did Gandhiji condemn it? When did it come to an end?
Ans; a) Pentangular tournament was played by five teams – the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised such as the Indian Christians.
b) Gandhiji strongly condemned the Pentangular as a communally divisive competition that was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population. As it was a colonial tournament, it tied with the Raj.
8.  why it did not become popular in countries of South America?
Ans; a) South American countries were under the influence of American, Spanish and the Portuguese.
 b)  Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game.
c)  The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.
9. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary game of cricket?
Ans; a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue.
b) Television expanded the audience and broadened the cricket into small towns and villages.
c) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television technology.

story of cricket

                     The Story of Cricket

          About 500 years ago, varieties of stick-and-ball games were played in England

    The word ‘bat’ is an old English word which means stick or club Bats were more or less similar to hockey sticks in shape. In those days, the ball was bowled underarm, and a bent end of the bat  provided the best chance to hit the ball

                                 Unique Nature of Cricket

1.      . Most            Lenthy Game:, a typical game of cricket takes a longer time to finish. A Test Match is played for                               five days and it still ends in a draw. A one-day match takes a whole day to finish.

2.                                                The bat is made of willow which was plenty in England. The stumps and bails are also made of                              wood. The ball is made of cork and leather. This is quite different than the tools of most of the                                  modern sports.

3.                                                         While the length of the pitch is specified (22 yards), the size or shape of the ground is not                                        specified. Cricket grounds can be of different shapes and sizes in its early years, cricket was pl                           played on the commons. The size of the commons land was variable and no boundary was present

                       Evolution of Laws of Cricket:

1.                                    first written ‘Laws of Cricket’ were drawn up in 1744. The height of the stumps, length of the                                      bails, weight of the ball and the length of the pitch were mentioned in those laws                         

2.      (                        MCC) was founded in 1787. The MCC published its first revision of the laws in 1788 

3.                                                      underarm bowling were started, also opened the possibilities for spin and swing bowling. Curved bat                     bat was replaced with the straight bats.

4.      The first             six-seam ball was also created in 1780.

5.                                                          The weight of the ball was limited to between 5.5 to 5.75 ounces.

                  

                              Many important changes in cricket occurred during the nineteenth century

• The rule about wide balls was applied.
• Exact circumference of the ball was specified.
• Protective gears; like pad and helmets became available.
• Boundaries (fours and sixes) were introduced.
• Over-arm bowling became legal.

               

Cricket and Victorian England
Amateurs 1.They played for the pleasure of playing and not for money and it was considered  as their an aristocratic values. 2. There were separate entrances to the ground for the Gentlemen. 3.The captain of the team used to be a batsman, i.e. an amateur. 4.It is the batsman who is given the benefit of doubt by the umpire.	Professional  1.The poor people played cricket for a living and were called the professionals or players. 2. Bowling and fielding were done by the Players. 3.The professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money. 4.In the 1930s that a professional became the captain of the English team for the first time; when Len Hutton became the captain.

                               CRICKET IN INDIA

                         Cricket, Race and Religion

                         1. The first recorded instance of cricket being played in India is from 1721 when it was played by English                   sailors in Cambay.

2. Calc                  calutta Cricket Club was the first Indian club which was established in 1792. 

3.                          The Parsis were the first Indian community to ape the western lifestyle and they were the first to                                      establish an Indian cricket club. They founded the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848.    

4. T                   he Hindus and the Muslims also made their own gymkhanas in the 1890s.

Quadrangular Tournament

It was played by four teams, viz. the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims and hence was given then name Quadrangular.

Pentagular Tournament.

The fifth team “The Rest”( the Christians, british) included and Pentangular tournaments started.

 Mahatma Gandhi was critical of such a division on communal lines. To counter this division, a rival tournament called National Cricket Championship was started. This Championship had teams made along regional divisions. This Championship is now known as the Ranji Trophy.

 India played the first Test match in 1932.

               De-colonisation and Sport

The ICC was called the Imperial Cricket Council even many years after the end of the colonial period.

 It was renamed as the International Cricket Conference in 1965. It was still dominated by England and Australia.

The name was changed to International Cricket Council in 1989.

India, Pakistan and West Indies boycotted South Africa during this period.

 The non-white cricket playing nations could finally force the English cricket authorities to cancel a South African tour in 1970.

The HQ of the ICC was shifted from London to Dubai in August 2005

Some extra questions poverty chapter

1.       Describe how poverty line is estimated in India.

2.       Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.

3.       Why do different countries use different poverty lines?

4.       Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.

5.       Name a few states in India where the poverty ratios are high.

6.       Name the Indian states that have experienced a massive decline in their poverty ratios. And how?

7.       Write a short note on the following.

            a)NREGA,    b)NFWP,  c)PMRY,  d)PMGY

8. What poverty line world bank has set up ?

forms of social exclusion

Causes and forms of social exclusion

Exclusionary processes can have various dimensions:

• Political exclusion can include the denial of citizenship rights such as political participation and the right to organise, and also of personal security, the rule of law, freedom of expression and equality of opportunity. Bhalla and Lapeyre (1997: 420) argue that political exclusion also involves the notion that the state, which grants basic rights and civil liberties, is not a neutral agency but a vehicle of a society’s dominant classes, and may thus discriminate between social groups.
• Economic exclusion includes lack of access to labour markets, credit and other forms of ‘capital assets’.
• Social exclusion may take the form of discrimination along a number of dimensions including gender, ethnicity and age, which reduce the opportunity for such groups to gain access to social services and limits their participation in the labour market.
• Cultural exclusion refers to the extent to which diverse values, norms and ways of living are accepted and respected.

These relationships are interconnected and overlapping, and given the complexity of influences on individuals, it is impossible to identify a single specific cause in the context of social exclusion. People may be excluded because of deliberate action on the part of others (e.g. discrimination by employers); as a result of processes in society which do not involve deliberate action; or even by choice. However, more generally, the causes of social exclusion that lead to poverty, suffering and sometimes death can be attributed to the operations of unequal power relations.

poverty questions

What is social exclusion?
Social exclusion is the process in which individual of people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration within that particular group^[2] (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation, and due process).

9th civics questions

                                             ** Extra questions**

                                       ELECTORAL POLITICS

Ques. 1 What makes an election democratic?

Ans. 1 The conditions of a democratic election are:

1. Everyone should be able to choose. This means that every one should have one vote and every vote should have one value.

2. There should be something to choose from .Parties and candidates should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.-- Multiparty system.

3. The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after every few years.

4. The candidate preferred by the people should get elected.

5. The elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as they really wish.

6. There should be an independent Election Comission in the country.

7. Just before elections any party or minister must not take any important decision,must not make any big promise to the people.

Ques. 2. Why do we need elections?

Ans. 2 In a democracy it is not possible for everyone to sit together everyday  and take all the decisions,so the people choose representatives. Also there is no other democratic way of selecting representatives except elections. Therefore we need to conduct elections in democracies. In an election the voters can:

1. Choose who will make laws for them.

 2. Choose who will form the government and take major decisions.

3. Choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making. Through elections, people can also remove leaders who do not work for them.

Ques. 3 What is an election?

And. 3 The mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so to is called an election.

Ques. 4 What unfair practices are used in elections?

 Ans. 4 Some unfair practices used in elections are:

1. Inclusion of false names and exclusion of genuine names in the voters list.

2. Misuse of government facilities and officials by the ruling party.

3. Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties.

4. Intimidation of voters and rigging on the polling day.

 Ques. 5 What are the demerits of political competition?

Ans. The demerits of political competition are:

 1. It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.

 2. Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.

3. Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win election.

 4. The pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long term policies to be formulated.

5. Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

 Ques 6 What is the difference between a reserved and an electoral constituency?

Ans.  The country is divided into different areas for purpose of

· elections known as electoral constituencies. The voters who live in an area elect one representative.  Reserved constituencies are reserved for people who belong to

· the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In a SC reserved constituency only someone who belongs to the Scheduled castes can stand for election.

Ques. 7 What are the challenges to free and fair elections?

Ans. There are many limitations and challenges to Indian elections These include:

 1. Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over small parties and independent candidates.

2. In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.

 3. Some families tend to dominate political parties, tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.

4. Very often elections offer little choices to ordinary citizens,for both the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies and practice.

5. Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties

. Ques. 8 Explain the following terms:

(a) Rigging

Ans. Fraud malpractices indulged by a party or candidate to increase its votes is called Rigging. It includes stuffing ballot boxes by a few persons using the votes of others, recording multiple votes by the same person; and bringing or coercing polling officers to favour a candidate.

(b) Turnout

Ans. Turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast their votes in an election.

© EPIC

 Ans. The government has introduced an Election Photo Identity Card (EPIC) and tried to give this card to every person on the voters list. The voters are required to carry this card when they go out to vote, so that no one can vote for someone else but the card it not yet compulsory for voting.

 (d) Ticket

Ans. Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support for contesting elections. Party’s nomination is often called party ‘ticket’.

(e) Security Deposit

Ans. Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a nomination form and give some money called Security deposit. (f) EVM Ans. Electronic Voting Machines

 (EVM) are used to record votes nowadays. The machine shows the names of the candidates and party symbols. Independent candidates too have their own symbols, allotted by election officials. All the voter has to do is to press the button against the name of the candidate she wants to give her vote.

 Ques. 9 Why do the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich?.

Ans. The poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich because they want laws to be made to improve their conditions

.They are hopeful that their representatives will do something for them.

Ques. 10 Mention a few successful slogans by different political parties in different elections.

Ans. 1. “Garibi Hatao” (Remove poverty) was used by the Congress party led by Indira Gandhi in the Lok Sabha elections in 1971.

2. “Save Democracy “was given by the Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha elections held in 1977.

3. “Land to the Tiller” was used by the Left Front in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977.

 4. “Protect the Self- Respect of the Telugus” was the slogan used by N.T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.

Ques. 11 Explain the Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns.

Ans. 11 A set of norms and guide lines to be followed by political parties and contesting candidates during election time. According to this no party or candidate can.-

 1. Use any place of worship for election propaganda.

 2. Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections. 3. Once elections are annoucned, ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.

******************************************************************************

notes on climate chapter

CLIMATE - GEAGRAPHY NOTES

CLIMATE
Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time.
It is the sum total of weather conditions for larger area.
Eg: for a country:
WEATHER:
It refers to state of atmosphere over an area at any point of time.
It is the total of weather conditions for limited area.
Eg: for a city
The elements of weather and climate are temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation.

INDIAN CLIMATE•
The climate of India is monsoon type.
•Monsoon is derived from ‘mausim’which means season and it refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction during a year.
•In Asia, this type of climate is found mainly in south and south-east.

DIFFERENCES IN INDIAN CLIMATE
In summer the temperature of Rajasthan is about 50’C but in Jammu & Kashmir it’s 20’c.
In winter at J&K the temperature is -45’C but in Thiruvanantapuram its 22’C.
While precipitation is in the form of snowfall in upper parts of Himalyas, it rains over the rest of country.
Most parts receive rainfall from June to July but some like Tamil Nadu receive it even in the season of October and November.

CLIMATIC CONTROLS
The major controls of climate are:
1.Latitude : Due to curvature the amount of solar energy received varies according to it.
2.Altitude: As we go higher there is a decrease in temperature of 16’
3.Pressure and Wind system: As per latitude and altitude temperature and rainfall also influences the climate.
4.Distance from sea: The sea exerts moderating influence on climate, regions near sea experiences moderate climate.
5.Ocean Currents: It leads continentality which means very hot during summers and very cold during winters. 

extra question forest societies and colonialism

1 Mention a few products which provide us from forests?

2 What is Deforestation?

3 What are ‘ railway sleepers’? How many sleepers are required for 1 mile

4 Mention a few commercial crops. Why are they called so?

5 Why did Britain turn to India for timber supply for its Royal Navy?

6 Write a note on Dietrich Brandis

7 Where and when was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up ?

8Write a brief note about the geographical location of Bastar.

9 Give a brief account of the people of Bastar.

10 What was Samin’s Challenge

11 What are the New Developments in Forestry ?

12 Name same trible communities which known as criminal tribes?

13 Give details about forests during world war 1st & 2 and ?

14 Who were kalangs and why they were important?

15 What was blongdiensten

some history questions

1. Hitler,s propaganda minister was ‘Goebbels’.
2. The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by the USSR and USA.
3. the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.
4. Genocidal ñ Killing on large scale leading to destruction of large sections of people.
5. The name of the German Parliament is Reichstag.
6. The treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany.. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £6 billion. The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland.
7. Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929.
8. The fear of ‘proletarianisation’,is  an anxiety of being reduced to the ranks of the working class, or worse still, the unemployed.
9. Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.

      He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the                 youth .He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign conspiracies against Germany.

10. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.
11. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree. All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates.
12. Hitler s racism borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest.
13. ‘Synagogues’  Place of worship for people of Jewish faith.
14. STEPS TO DEATH 1: Exclusion 1933-1939 YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE AMONG US AS CITIZENS.

2. Stage 2: Ghettoisation 1940 - 1944 YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE AMONG US.

3. Stage 3: Annihilation 1941 onwards: YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO LIVE.

      15.What Hitler was think about german farmers?

           Ans) The German farmer stands in between two great dangers today: The one danger          American economic system ñ Big Capitalism! The other is the Marxist economic system of Bolshevism. Big Capitalism and Bolshevism work hand in hand: they are born of Jewish thought and serve the master plan of world Jewery. Who alone can rescue the farmer from these dangers? NATIONAL SOCIALISM.

16.Charlotte Beradt secretly recorded people s dreams in her diary and later published them in a highly disconcerting book called the ‘Third Reich of Dreams’.

nazi

civics questions

          SOME MOREQUESTIONS ABOUT CIVICS

1. What were the demands of Lek Walesha in Poland?

Ans) 1 To form independent trade unions

2 To release political prisoners

3 To remove censorship on press

2. Who was Salvador Allande?

Ans) He was president of Chile .He led the coalition name ‘popular unity’ in Chile.

3.When was  Military Coup happen in Chile?

Ans) 11 september 1973

4. When general Zaru Zelsiki put Martial law in Poland?

Ans) December 1981 he declared martial law in country.

How many phases of Democracy in world?

Ans) Democracy expended in world in three phases .

a)      the beginning phase in which 1789 french revolution, 1776 north America declared independence from british.

b)      End of colonialism in which many countries such as India, Ghana, got independence.

c)      Recent phase in which many countries democratic , USSR broken 15 countries independent. Pakistan and bangle desh again democratic , in 2006 nepal again democratic

5. What is the aim of UNO /

Ans) a. To help in promote cooperation  International peace,security, economic development and social justice.

6. Aims of IMF and World Bank.

Ans)  to provide loans to countries

7. UNO have 5 permanent members who enjoying VETO power

USA,RUSSIA,BRITAIN,CHINA FRANCE

 IMF have 173 members and only 7 members(usa,japan,france,britain,Saudi Arabia,china and Russia) have more than half votes % .

World bank president can only elected from USA and treasury minister of USA nominated his / her name.

8. Four features of democracy.

a. major decision taken by elected leaders

b. free and fair election

c. one person one vote one value

d. rule of law and respect of rights

9. Following three countries are not giving equal right of vote to their citizens

Saudi Arabia not giving right to vote to women

Estonia not giving right to vote to Russian minorities’

Fiji not giving equal right to vote to Indian Fijian

10. Problems of democracy in Zimbabve/

a. In 1980 independent Robert Mugabe continue rule

b. protest against govt is banned

c. opposition parties getting harsh

d. Nobody can criticize president

e. Media is under full control of govt. Only they can telecast govt related news

11. When was South Africa independent?

Ans) 26 april 1994 and Nelson Mandela become first president of country.

12. Why do people need a constitution

a. to generate trust and coordination among people.

b. it specify how the govt will create and who will have power to take decision

c. it lays down the limits on govt and what govt can do and cannot do

french revolution map for practice

All my ninth A&B do well don't take stress do best and good luck

history important notes 9th class

9th SA - 1 HISTORY NOTES
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1
Standard IX

Chapter 1 The French Revolution
1.             When was the city of Paris in a state of alarm?
On the morning of 14th July 1789.
How many people gathered in front of the town hall and what did they do?
·        Some 7000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a people’s militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.
·        A group of people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress prison, the Bastille.
·        The commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released.
·        The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the market to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.
3.             Who was the ruler of France and to which dynasty did he belong?
Louis XVI was the ruler of France in 1774. He belonged to the Bourbon dynasty.
4.             Who was Marie Antoinette?
She was  married to Louis XVI. She was an Austrian princess.
5.             Why was the French treasury empty when Louis XVI ascended the throne?
·                     Long years of war drained the financial resources of France.
·                     The cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
·                     Louis XVI helped 13 American colonies to gain independence from Britain.
·                     Lenders who gave the credit now began to charge 10 percent interest on loans.
6.             How was the French society organized?
·        The French society was divided into 3 estates.
·        The First Estate included the clergy. The Second Estate included the nobility and Third Estate had members from business community, peasants, artisans and landless labourers.
·        Peasants made up about 90% of the population. They paid all the taxes.
·        60% of the land was owned by nobles, the church and other richer members of the third estates.
·        The clergy and the nobility enjoyed privileges and were exempted from paying taxes.
7.             What were the 2 taxes paid by the people of France?
Tithe – A tax levied by the church comprising one – tenth of the agricultural produce.
Taille – A tax paid directly to the state.
8.             What do you mean by subsistence crisis?
An extreme situation where the  basic means of livelihood are endangered.
      9.Explain the struggle to survive. (pg -5 – text book) (or)
      Explain the situation that led to the subsistence crisis.
·                     French population rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789.
·                    This led to increase in the demand for food grains but production of grains could not match with the demand.
·                    The prices of various products increased. Example the price of bread increased rapidly.
·                    The wages of the workers however did not increase.
·                    Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
10.Write the role of philosophers in the French Revolution.
·        Rousseau:  Carried the idea proposing  a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. He wrote a booked named Social Contract.
·        John Locke: In his book Two treatises of government, he wrote against the doctrine of divine and absolute right of the monarch.
·        Montesquieu: In his book The Spirit of Laws he proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary.
The ideas of these philosophers were discussed in saloons and coffee houses. They were spread through books and news papers.
11.Describe the incidents of Assembly of Estates General and oath of tennis
      court.
·        Louis XVI decided to call and assembly of the Estates General on 5th May 1789 to pass proposals for new taxes.
·        A luxurious hall in Versailles was prepared to host the delegates.
·        The First and Second Estates sent 300 representatives each who were seated in rows facing each other on 2 sides while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
·        The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members while peasants, artisans and women were denied entry.
·        Voting in the estates general in the past was on the principal of each estate one vote.
·        Louis XVI wanted to continue the same practice but members of the third estates demanded that voting should be conducted by an assembly as a whole where each member would have one vote.
·        The king rejected and the members of the third estate walked out of the assembly.
Oath of tennis court
·        On 20th June, the representatives of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
·        They declared themselves as national assembly and decided not to leave the place till they had drafted the constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
·        They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes  
12.           Who was Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes?
Mirabeau: He was born in a noble family but wanted to do away with a society of privileges. He brought out a journal and delivered powerful speeches to the crowds

Abbe Sieyes: He was a priest and wrote an influential pamphlet called what is the third estate.
13.           ‘While the National Assembly at Versailles drafting a Constitution the rest of
        France seethed with turmoil’ Explain.
·        A severe winter resulted in bad harvest, the price of bread rose and bakers exploited the situations by hoarding supplies. Angry women stormed into the shops.
·        The king ordered troops to move into Paris on 14th July the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
·        In the countryside there was a rumour that the lords had hired bands of robbers who would destroy the ripe crops.
·        The peasants seized hoes and pitch forks and attacked the residence belonging to king (Chateaux).
·        They looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents containing records.
·        A large number of nobles flood from their homes and many of them migrated to neighboring countries.
14.           What was the reaction of this uprising?
·        Faced with the power  of the revolt Louis XVI recognized the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would be checked by a constitution.
·        On fourth August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system.
·        The clergy were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and land owned by the church were confiscated.
15.           When was the constitution drafted and what were its main objectives?
The National Assembly completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.  
·        Its main object was to limit the power of the monarch.
·        Instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person the powers were separated and assigned different institutions – the legislature, executive and judiciary. This made Francea constitutional monarchy.
16.           What was the political system under the constitution of 1791?
·        The constitution of 1791 gave the power to make laws to the National Assembly which was indirectly elected.
·        Citizens voted for a group electors who in tern chose the assembly.
·        Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer’s wage were given the right to vote. They were called active citizens. The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens.
·        To be an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the category of highest tax payer.
17.           What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens?
·        The Constitution began with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizens which included Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law.
·        These rights were established as natural and inalienable rights which belongs to each citizens by birth and could not be taken away.
Some of the rights were:
·        Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
·        Liberty consists of the power to do what ever is not injurious to others.
·        No man may be accused, arrested or detained except in cases determined by law.
·        Every citizen may speak right and print freely. (for more points refer page 11 – source – C – text book)
18.           Who was the poet of Marseillaise?
Marseillaise was one of the patriotic song composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.
19.           How did France become a republic?
·        Louis XVI entered into secret negotiations with the king of Prussia.
·        The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
·        Volunteers joined the army and sang patriotic songs.
·        The revolutionary wars brought economic difficulties to the people.
·        The men were fighting and women had to earn a living and look after their families.
·        Political clubs were formed. Women also formed their own clubs.
·        In 1792, the Jacobins stormed the palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king as hostage for several hours.
·        Later the royal family was imprisoned. Elections were held in which all men of 21 years and above got the right to vote.
·        The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
·        On September 1792, it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.
20.           What do you know about Jacobin club?
·        Political clubs became an important feature in France. The most successful of these clubs was the Jacobians.
·        The members of this club belonged to the less prosperous section of society. They included small shopkeepers, shoe makers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers as well as servants. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
·        A large group of the Jacobians decided to wear long striped trousers. These Jacobians were called as Sans-Culottes meaning those without knee – breeches.
21.           When was Louis XVI executed?
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason. On 21st January 1793 he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antionette met with the same fate shortly after.
22.           Why was the period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror (Jacobin ‘s Government)?
·        The period from 1793 to 1794 was called the Reign of Terror.
·        The ruler Maxmillion Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishments.
·        All those who opposed him were arrested, imprisoned and  killed.
·        He guillotined the ex-nobles, clergy and the members of political parties.
·        He issued maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
·        Meat and bread were rationed. The use of expensive white bread was forbidden and people were required to eat equality bread d’e’galite’
·        Prices on  grains to sell was fixed by the government.
·        French men and women were to be addressed as citoyen and citoyenne (citizen).
·        Churches were closed down  turned as offices.
·        Many people in place began to demand moderation in the government and in July 1794 Robespierre was arrested and the next day he was guillotined.
23.           (read source – c from text book)
24.           Throw light on the Director’s rule.
·        After the Jacobin’s club the wealthier middle class people seized power.
·        They formed a new constitution which denied voting right to non – p opertied people.
·        It provided elected legislative councils.
·        A Directory of executives were made up of 5 members.
·        The Directors often clashed with the legislative councils.
·        The political instability led to the rise of military dictator – Napeon Bonaparte.
25.           What is a  guillotine? Who invented it?
The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which  a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotin who invented it.
26.           Did women have a revolution?
·        Women were active participants during the revolution.
·        Most of the third estate’s women worked for their earning. They worked as laundresses, semesters, fruit and flower sellers. They worked both at home and outside.
·        Rich class girls did not work. They were educated in the convent and later  married off.
·        There were about 60 revolutionary clubs formed during the revolution. ‘The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women’ was the most famous of them.
·        Women demanded for their voting right. Finally got it in 1946.
27.           How did the revolutionary government improve the condition of women?
·        Revolutionary government introduced laws to improve the conditions of the government.
·        Schooling was made compulsory for all the girls.
·        Their fathers could not force them to marry against their will.
·        Divorce was made illegal.
·        But this government did not guarantee voting right to women.
28.           Read source E,F and G from book.
29.           Write a note on The Abolition of Slavery.
·        The slave trade began in the 18th century. The National Assembly held long debates about whether the rights of man should be extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies.
·        Convention legislated to free all slaves in the French over seas possessions.
·        However Napoleon reintroduced slavery.
·        Finally slavery was abolished in 1848.
30.           Read the topic ‘The revolution and every day life’. (page – 22 and 23)
STD  IX                        HISTORY 
                           Nazism – Rise Hitler
Q1) Why was an International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg  set up after the end of the second world war in 1945?
Ans) International military Tribunal was set up by the Allies at Nuremberg to prosecute Nazi war criminals who acted against  peace and humanity. In this tribunal 11 leading Nazis were given death punishment and many were punished.
Q2) What was Genocidal War?
Ans) Killing on  large scale leading  to destruction  of large sections of people was called Genocidal war.
Q3)Mention the two groups of countries that fought on the different sides during the first world war?
Ans) The First group included England, France and Russia came to called as Allies and the second group included Germany and Austria called as central powers.
Q4) What was the German Parliament called?
Ans)The German Parliament was called Reichstag, it was formed on the basis of equal and universal votes caste by all adults including workers.
Q5)Why was the  Weimar Republic not welcome by people?
Ans) The Weimar Republic was not welcomed by the people because:-
1.It  accepted the terms of the   treaty signed at Versailles.
2. Politically  Weimar Republic was fragile. The Constitution also had some defects.
3.The economic conditions of Germany was hit by the economic crisis. There were around six million people who were unemployed.
Q6)”The treaty of Versailles was a humiliating peace treaty for Germany “Justify?
The treaty  of Versailles was harsh and humiliating.
1.Germany lost its overseas colonies.
2. 13 percent of its territories ,75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France,
     Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
3. The allied powers demilitarized Germany to weaker its power.
4. The Germany was forced to pay compensation which was very high.
5. The allied armies occupied  the fertile Rhineland.
Q7. Who were called as November criminals?
Ans) The socialists, Catholics and Democrates, who supported the Weimar Republic were called November criminals.
Q8. What were the effects of the war on Europe?
1.             The war affected the entire continent phychologically and financially.
2.             Politicians stressed that men should be aggressive, strong and masculine.
3.             The war caused a great destruction on many countries. This resulted in the collapse of Political, social and economic life of the people.
4.             This war resulted in the change the political map of Europe.
5.             The war gave birth to an international organizations like League of Nations and
      UNO.
6. The war also resulted in the emergence of two super powers i.e.. USA and USSR.

Q9. Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he rise to power?
Ans. Early Life
         1. Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria.
         2. He joined the army as a messenger.
         3. In 1919 he joined a small group called the German Worker’s Party. He
             renamed the party as National socialist German Worker’s party and later on this
             party came to be called as Nazi party.
Hitler’s rise of power
1. In 1923 he planned to seize control of Bavaria but he failed and was tried for treason.
    Later on he was released.
2. In 1928 the Nazi party got only about 2.6 percent votes but In 1932 it became the
    largest party with 37 percent votes.
3. Hitler was a powerful speaker and an administrator to build a strong nation.
4. He also promised full employment who were looking for jobs.
Q10. How did Hitler and the Nazi party help in the destruction of democracy?
Ans. 1. On 30th January 1933 President Hindenberg offered the chancellorship to Hitler.
            Hitler had set out to destroy the structure of democratic rule.
2.             In Feb. 1933 the government suspended  the freedom of speech and press assembly.
3.             Hitler turned to the communist where most of them were sent to the concentration camps.
4.              Hitler got the popular support of people that Democracy was opposed by Dictatorship.  
Q11. What was the Enabling Act and write its features?
Ans: 1.On 3rd March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship inGermany.
2. It gave Hitler the powers to sideline Parliament.
      3. All parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi party.
      4. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and
          judiciary.
5.             Special surveillance and security forces were creatd to control the society.
6.             Apart from regular police in green uniform  and the security services and secret police called Gestapo was established.
 Q12. What were the steps taken by Hitler to establish his control?
Ans. 1. Special security forces were created to control the society in the way  Nazi
        wanted.
        2. There was criminal police and the security service and the secret state police (Gestapo).
        3. People would be detained in Gestapo and  sent to the concentration camps.
Q13. How did Hitler reconstruct Germany?
1.             Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmer Schacht who aimed full reproduction and full employment.
2.             The project like the famous German super highways and the people’s car was introduced.
3.             He reoccupied Rhineland and integrated Austria and Germany under the slogan ‘one people, one Empire and one nation’.

Q14. Why did USA enter the Second world war?
Ans: 1. USA had resisted involvement in the war. It was unwilling to once again face all the economic problems that it had to face in the first world war .
2. It could not stay out of the war for long.
3. When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombed the US base at Pearl Harbour, the USentered the second world war.
Q15. What was the Nazi ideology about races ?
1.             Nazi ideology did not give equality to the people.
2.             Only Nordic German Aryans were regarded as superiors and the  jews were at the lowest rank.
3.             According to this only those species could be regarded as superior who were purely Aryans.
4.             The Nazis said that the strongest species would survive and the weak would perish.
Q16. What was the treatment given to non-Aryans?
                                           Or
Write a note on Hitler’s policy of establishing racial state.
·                     Jews were considered as undesirable and inferior.
·                     They were widely prosecuted.
·                     Gypsies and blacks were considered inferiors.
·                     They lived in separately marked areas called ghettos.
·                     I phase: From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized the jews, compelling them to leave the country
II phase: From 1939 to 1945 the Jews were concentrated in certain areas
III phase: From 1941 to 1945 the Jews were killed in large numbers.
·         Hitler was intolerant that he wanted to establish  separate territories  for different races.
·         He could not allow the mixing of people of different races.
Q17. What was Jungvolk?
·                     Youth organization were made responsible for educating Germans youth in the ‘Spirit of National Socialism’.,
·                     Children below 14 years of age had to join a group which was called Jungvolk.
Q18. What happened in schools under Nazism?
·                     All schools were cleansed and purified.
·                     The  Jew  teachers  were thrown out of schools and finally in the 1940 they were taken to gas chambers.  
·                     The children were taught Nazi values.
·                     Good German children were given ideological training.
·                     Text books were re written
·                     Children were taught to be royal and aggressive.
·                     The school taught that men and women are not equal.
·                     Hitler believed that children should be iron hearted, strong and masculine which could be possible if sports like boxing was introduce.

Q19. What was Nazi cult of motherhood?
·                     In Nazi Germany it was repeatedly told that women were radically different from men.
·                     Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted. While girls were told that they had to be good mothers and  rear pure-blooded Aryan children.
·                     Hitler regarded mothers very important but all mothers were not treated equally.
·                     Women who gave birth to racially undesirable children were punished and those who gave birth to racially desirable children were awarded.
·                     These women were given favourable treatments in hospitals, they got concessions in shop, theatre tickets and railway fares.
·                     Women were encouraged to give birth to many children. The mothers who gave birth to four, six and eight children were awarded bronze, silver and gold cross respectively.
Q20. What was the art of propaganda?
·                     The Nazi regime used media with care. They used words with great care. They never used words ‘kill’ and ‘murder’. Mass killings were called as ‘Special treatment’ or ‘Final Solution’ (for Jews)
·                     ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers.
·                     Media was used to win support for the Nazis.
·                     Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radios, posters, slogans etc..
·                     Films were made to create hatred for Jews. The most infamous film was ‘The Eternal Jew’ in which Jews were shown wearing beard and Kaftans but in reality the Germans and Jews could not be distinguished.
·                     The Jews were called as vermins, rats and pests.
Q21. How did the common people react to Nazism?
·                     Some people of Germany had a feeling of hatred and anger when they saw Jews. They marked the houses of Jews and were very suspicious of the Jews.
·                     Many people organized active resistance to Nazism.
·                     A large majority  of Germans, how ever were passive and they were too scared to react or protest.
Q22. What was Holocaust?
·                     The Nazi killing operation was called Holocaust
·                     The world came to know about  the atrocities of the Nazi leader through the documents written by the prisoners which were preserved in milk cans and other places still remain as memoirs and fiction in museums in many parts of the world
Q23. Name a Nazi killing centre.
Auschwitz.
Q24. How was trench life miserable for soldiers in the world wars?
Trench life was miserable for the soldiers. Often corpses were fed by rats. Even the wounded soldiers faced  problems of rats. The soldiers have to face poisonous gas and enemies.
Q25. How was Weimar opposed and how did it  crush the rebels before the rise of Hitler?
1.             Revolutionary uprising evolved by Spartacist Leag in Germany against the Weimar govt.  
2.             People in Berlin demanded for Soviet style of governance.
3.             Socialists, democrats and catholics opposed and met in Weimar and formed democratic republic.
4.             The Weimar crushed the rebels with war veterans called ‘Free corps’.
Q26. What is Gestapo?
Gestapo was the secret police force formed by Hitler to keep an  eye on the enemies of Nazism. The people who were against Nazism were tortured in Gestapo torture chambers and then sent to concentration camps.
 Q27. What is Dawes plan?
·                     The economic  condition of Germany was very backward as a result of I world war.
·                     The gold resources depleated. In 1923 Germany refused to pay the war indemnity andFrance occupied a leading industrial coal reserve called Ruhr.
·                     Germany printed paper currency recklessly whwich led to the fall of German Mark.
·                     This crisis led to hyper inflation.
·                     Eventually USA intervened  and bailed Germany out of this crisis by introducing Dawes Plan.
Q28. Write about the Great Economic Depression.  What was the impact of it inGermany?
·                     The Wall Street Exchange collapsed in USA. The values of shares went down. There were many people  ready to sell their shares and no one to buy. On 24th October 13 million shares were sold. This was the beginning Great Economic Depression.
·                      US support to Germany was also withdrawn.
·                     Vast unemployment was created
·                     Germans held placards saying ‘Willing to do any Work’
·                     Youth queued up at the gate of Employment exchange.
Q29. What were the features of  Fire Decree?
·                     The Fire Decree of 28th Feb. 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of press, assembly, speech guaranteed by Weimar Republic
·                     The communists were packed off to the newly established concentration camps.
·                     The repression on the communists were severe.
Q30. Discuss the foreign policy of Hitler.
·                     Hitler violated the rules of League of nations.
·                     He reoccupied Rhineland in 1936.
·                     Austria – Germany took the slogan ‘one people, one empire and one leader.
·                     He annexed Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia as it had maximum Germans.
·                     He started increasing arms and increased military.
·                     In Sep.1939 Germany invaded Poland . This started the beginning of second world war.
Q31. Describe the second world war.
·                     In sep. 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. This marked the beginning of the second world war. England and France attacked Germany.
·                     In Sep. 1940 a Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy and Japan came called to be called as the Axis power.
·                     USA entered the war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, a naval base of America.
·                     Germany attacked Soviet Union in June 1941. The soviet Red army rooted the German army and reached the heart of Berlin. German army was exposed to aerial bombing by the British.
·                     US ended the second world war by dropping atom bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan